No abstract

Context: Previously, we identified chromograninA positive hormone-negative (CPHN) cells in high frequency in human fetal and neonatal pancreas, likely representing nascent endocrine precursor cells. Here, we characterize the putative endocrine fate and replicative status of these newly formed cells.Objective: To establish the replicative frequency and transcriptional identity of CPHN cells, extending our observation on CPHN cell frequency to a larger cohort of fetal and infant pancreas.Design, Setting, and Participants: 8 fetal, 19 infant autopsy pancreata were evaluated for CPHN cell frequency; 12 fetal, 24 infant/child pancreata were evaluated for CPHN replication and identity.Results: CPHN cell frequency decreased 84% (islets) and 42% (clusters) from fetal to infant life. Unlike the beta-cells at this stage, CPHN cells were rarely observed to replicate (0.2 ± 0.1 vs. 4.7 ± 1.0%, CPHN vs. islet hormone positive cell replication, p < 0.001), indicated by the lack of Ki67 expression in CPHN cells whether located in the islets or in small clusters, and with no detectable difference between fetal and infant groups. While the majority of CPHN cells express (in overall compartments of pancreas) the pan-endocrine transcription factor NKX2.2 and beta-cell specific NKX6.1 in comparable frequency in fetal and infant/child cases (81.9 ± 6.3 vs. 82.8 ± 3.8% NKX6.1+-CPHN cells of total CPHN cells, fetal vs. infant/child, p = 0.9; 88.0 ± 4.7 vs. 82.1 ± 5.3% NKX2.2+-CPHN cells of total CPHN cells, fetal vs. infant/child, p = 0.4), the frequency of clustered CPHN cells expressing NKX6.1 or NKX2.2 is lower in infant/child vs. fetal cases (1.2 ± 0.3 vs. 16.7 ± 4.7 clustered NKX6.1+-CPHN cells/mm2, infant/child vs. fetal, p < 0.01; 2.7 ± 1.0 vs. 16.0 ± 4.0 clustered NKX2.2+-CPHN cells/mm2, infant/child vs. fetal, p < 0.01).Conclusions: The frequency of CPHN cells declines steeply from fetal to infant life, presumably as they differentiate to hormone-expressing cells. CPHN cells represent a non-replicative pool of endocrine precursor cells, a proportion of which are likely fated to become beta-cells.Precis: CPHN cell frequency declines steeply from fetal to infant life, as they mature to hormone expression. CPHN cells represent a non-replicative pool of endocrine precursor cells, a proportion of which are likely fated to become beta-cells.

Farming is the source of income for more than half of the Indian population. One of the serious issues in agriculture is the control of weeds growing among the plantation crops. At present weeds are being removed manually by farmers wherever possible, or weed killers/herbicides are being sprayed all over the field to keep them under control. This technique is very inefficient because chemicals are being sprayed on plantation crops also, which leads to, polluting the environment and health problems in humans. To avoid these consequences, a smart weed control system should be deployed. This paper focuses on detecting the weeds in the crop using convolutional neural network ,Image processing and IOT. CNN model is first trained by giving large images of weed and crop. This trained CNN model is deployed onto Raspberry pi. Images from camera is sent to raspberry pi based Machine learning system. Raspberry-pi performs Image segmentation, by dividing the image into small segments. The Segmentation Algorithm used is Watershed Segmentation Algorithm. Each segment is passed onto Trained CNN model for classifying as weed or crop. If it is weed, the area is marked in the original image as weed. In this manner all the weed segments are marked and the marked image can be sent to farmers through Email. The system was trained using 250 images of weed and crop and has given an Average Accuracy of 85% ,Average False ratio of 7%,Average False Acceptance ratio of 2.6%.

Cefuroxime axetil (CA) is BCS class II drug and has 55% absolute oral bioavailability due to poor aqueous solubility hence the present work is an attempt to enhance the solubility and hence dissolution of CA by inclusion complexation with natural Cyclodextrins (CDs). The complexation efficiency of Cyclodextrin is low and hence large amount of CDs are required to solubilize small amount of poorly water-soluble drug. To overcome this limitation the hydrophilic polymers were used to improve the complexation efficiency of cyclodextrin through the formation of ternary complexes. In association with water soluble polymers like Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) the complexation potential CDs (β-CD and HP-β-CD) was found to be improved which was analyzed by comparative evaluation of binary (drug: cyclodextrin) and ternary system (drug:cyclodextrin:polymer). Binary and ternary complexes were prepared by lyophilization method. On the basis of physicochemical characterization techniques like TLC, FTIR, DSC, and XRPD, the complex formation between CA, CD and water-soluble polymers was confirmed. The dissolution rate studies were also carried out in order to assess the in-vitro performance of complexes. Drug-HP-β-CD-HPMC lyophilized system showed higher solubility and dissolution rate as compared to other systems.

SOUHRNAkutní infarkt myokardu je jednou z hlavních příčin morbidity a mortality v rozvojových zemích, jako např. v Indii, a dokonce po celém světě. Jeho etiologie je složitá vzhledem k několika zkreslujícím faktorům v jeho patogenezi. V poslední době se prokázalo, že významnou úlohu v predikci diagnózy a prognózy infarktu myokardu hrají malé molekuly RNA, označované jako mikroRNA (miR), z nichž miR-499 hraje zcela zásadní roli v zotavování kardiomyocytů po poranění. Od té doby několik studií identifi kovalo několik typů miR spojených s kardiovaskulárními onemocněními; z nich se miR-499 exprimuje hlavně v myokardu. Hlavním cílem naší studie bylo zkoumat úlohu miR-499 v diagnostice AIM. Do studie bylo zařazeno 60 pacientů s AIM ve věku 30 až 60 let a stejný počet kontrolních osob odpovídajícího věku a pohlaví. Zařazení všech účastníků proběhlo na pracovišti terciární péče (Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute). Analýza hodnot miR-499 se prováděla metodou RT-PCR, zatímco lipidový profi l a hodnoty CK (NAC), CK-MB a srdečních troponinů (pomocí vysoce senzitivní metody) se stanovovaly metodami schválenými IFCC. Pro srovnání průměrných hodnot případů a kontrol byl použit nepárový Studentův test. Vztah mezi hodnotami miR a klasickými markery se zkoumal pomocí Pearsonova korelačního koefi cientu. Senzitivita a specifi cita miR-499 u AIM se hodnotila pomocí vynesené křivky ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic). Naše studie prokázala statisticky významně vysoké hodnoty miR-499 u pacientů s AMI ve srovnání se zdravými kontrolními osobami (p = 0,012). Hodnoty miR-499 pozitivně korelovaly s hodnotami hs-cnTnT (r = 0,582; p < 0,01) a CK-MB (r = 0,443; p < 0,01). Plocha pod křivkou ROC pro miR-499 měla hodnotu 0,974 se senzitivitou 93,33 % a specifi citou 86,67 %; tedy poměrně vyššími než v případě v současnosti používaných markerů CK-MB (86,67 %, resp. 71,67 %) a hs-cnTnT (90,00 %, resp. 81,56 %). Analýza kombinované senzitivity uvedených biomarkerů prokázala, že jejich senzitivita se zvyšuje, zatímco specifi cita se snižuje. Z výsledků vyplývá, že miR-499 významně koreluje s ostatními klasickými markery při vyšší senzitivitě a specifi citě, a mohl by tedy sloužit jako přesnější marker v časné diagnostice AIM. ABSTRACTAcute myocardial infarction is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries such as India and even worldwide. Its etiology is complicated because of several confounding factors involved in its pathogenesis. Recently, MicroRNA has been recognized to play an important role in predicting the diagnosis and prognosis of myocardial infarction. MiR-499 plays a pivotal role in the recovery of cardiac cell, following injury. Since several studies have profi led several miRs in cardiovascular diseases and of which miR-499 is mainly expressed in the myocardium. Our study is primarily designed to explore the diagnostic role of miR-499 in AMI. The study included 60 AMI patients aged 30-60 years and an equal number of age and gender matched controls. All cases were taken from ...