BMD Z-scores were similar among ALL survivors and controls. It was reassuring that there was no detrimental impact of the disease or its treatment on BMD. Future studies are required to determine the best possible ways to target the modifiable risk factors (diet, vitamin D) to optimize bone health.

It is possible to ascertain the diagnosis in most of the cases of intellectual disability using a judicious and sequential battery of tests.

Objective To describe the prevalence of obesity and sarcopenia among survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) using DEXA scan, and study associated risk factors. Methods This case control study was conducted between July, 2013 and June, 2014 at a tertiary care cancer centre in India. Study participants included 65 survivors of childhood ALL who were <18 years of age at diagnosis, treated between years 1996 and 2008, and were at least two years since completion of therapy. The controls included 50 matched siblings. Dual energy X -ray absorptiometry (DEXA) was used to study the body composition (body fat percentage, BF% and lean body mass, LBM) of the participants and controls. McCarthys body fat reference data were applied and logistic regression analysis was used to study various risk factors. Results At a median (range) follow-up of 5 (7.217.2) years, BF% (DEXA) identified a significantly higher prevalence of obesity of 21.5% (14/65) and sarcopenic obesity (14%) among survivors as compared to the controls (0/50, P <0.001), while the prevalence of sarcopenia as detected by LBM was similar at 60% (39/65) and 56% (28/50), respectively. On multivariate analysis, age at evaluation, high-risk disease and cranial irradiation were independently associated with high likelihood of obesity, while none of the factors predicted sarcopenia. Conclusion High prevalence of obesity and sarcopenic obesity were observed among survivors of childhood ALL.

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis is a well characterized immune-mediated encephalitis. It is increasingly being recognized as one of the common causes of encephalitis, but is frequently misdiagnosed especially in resource-constrained settings. With a simple test available to diagnose the disorder and prospects of good recovery following early immunotherapy, the disorder should be kept as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with unexplained behavioral/psychiatric symptoms and progressive encephalopathy with movement disorders.

AC(S)x4 had a significant relation with beginning of CIA in patients >40 (P-0.033) but there was no relation between various protocols, including AC(S)x4 and duration of amenorrhea in treated patients (including <40 and/or >40 years) by Kruskal-Wallis test. Twenty-three out of 237 patients (9.7%) did not have amenorrhea while 90.3% had (60.6% after three cycles and 77.9% after four cycles). Of these patients CIA (duration of amenorrhea more than 3 months), was detected in 86.8% of patients. Adriamucin + CTX are the drugs used in the first four cycles of AC, AC-Taxotere and AC-Taxol protocols including 66.6% of patients. This means that Adria + CTX could be responsible for at least 66.6% of CIA of our patients. Like other studies, duration of CIA was longer in patients over 40 in Iranian patients. AC protocol caused about 66.6% of CIA in this study. Further studies are needed to determine the