Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cells and has the ability to divide (through mitosis) to produce extra stem cells [1]. It is the ancestor at the top of the family tree of related cell types. Stem cells research is based on the knowledge about how a single cell leads to development of an organism and how damaged cells get replaced by healthy cells in adult organisms [2]. Based on the stage at which they are isolated stem cells can be categorized as embryogenic stem cells (ESCs) or adult stem cells. Embryogenic stem cells are totipotent being derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst during gastrulation. Even after having the greatest biological potential, ethical issue on the use of ESCs has precluded their widespread study, especially in humans [3]. These are obtained from in vitro fertilization, or aborted embryos 3 or 4 day old embryo [4]. Adult stem cells are derived from postnatal fully developed tissue and are believed to renew cell populations, Recent and exciting new discoveries place dentists at the forefront of helping their patients benefit from potentially life-saving therapies derived from stem cells. The tooth is store house for these precious stem cells, and there is an abundance of these cells in baby teeth, wisdom teeth, and permanent teeth. Obtaining stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) is simple and convenient, with little or no trauma. SHEDs exhibit higher proliferative rate than bone marrow-derived MSCs and greater osteogenic differentiation potency than human dental pulp stem cells.

Functional tooth regeneration has shown promising therapeutic strategy. Tooth regeneration is possible by combine use of adult stem cells, growth factors, and scaffold. In recent years, researchers have explored tooth regeneration. Significant effort has been made in recent decades to identify and characterize tooth stem cells and to unravel the developmental programs which these cells follow to generate a tooth.