Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is one of the developing countries with high TB patients in the world. The most common detection used for TB diagnosis is sputum smear examination. Smear negative pulmonary TB still have a risk of infection and can develop into active. The GeneXpert molecular examination is a rapid diagnosis of TB by the real-time PCR method. The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of GeneXpert in smear-negative pulmonary TB compared to Lowenstein Jensen's culture. The design of this diagnostic test study is a cross-sectional study. The study was conducted on 40 people with smear-negative pulmonary TB suspect patients in Dr. Doris Sylvanus Regional Hospital. Sputum examination was performed with GeneXpert and compared with Lowenstein Jensen culture. The results of GeneXpert validity for diagnosing smear-negative pulmonary TB suspect are sensitivity 81.8%, specificity 96.5%, positive predictive value 90%, negative predictive value 93.3%, and accuracy 92.5%. It was concluded that GeneXpert has sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and high accuracy as a diagnostic tool in smear-negative pulmonary TB suspects.

Gigitan nyamuk dapat membahayakan bagi kesehatan tubuh. Salah satu upaya untuk memberantas nyamuk dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang umum digunakan adalah dengan menggunakan obat nyamuk. Obat nyamuk terbanyak yang dipakai di masyarakat Indonesia adalah jenis obat nyamuk bakar dan semprot. Kandungan dalam obat nyamuk yaitu berbahan aktif pyrethroid, yang memiliki efek bila dalam jangka waktu lama digunakan dapat menganggu kesehatan tubuh. Salah satunya gangguan terhadap reproduksi pada pria. Oleh sebab itu tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh obat nyamuk bakar dan semprot terhadap motilitas sperma tikus galur wistar. Penelitian eksperimental in vivo ini menggunakan desain post-test randomized control design dengan menggunakan 5 kelompok tikus. Kelompok ini terbagi menjadi kontrol, paparan obat nyamuk semprot 5 mL/hari selama 20 hari, paparan obat nyamuk semprot 5 mL/hari selama 35 hari, paparan obat nyamuk bakar 4,5 gr/hari selama 20 hari, paparan obat nyamuk bakar 4,5 gr/hari selama 20 hari. Hasil penelitian secara mikroskopis menunjukkan penurunan motilitas bermakna (p<0,05) pada kelompok tikus yang diberi obat nyamuk semprot dan bakar sejak dipaparkan 20 hari lamanya dan penurunan paling signifikan pada obat nyamuk bakar 35 hari. Obat nyamuk semprot dan bakar yang digunakan rutin dan dalam waktu lama dapat menurunkan motilitas sperma.

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Background: Sperm maturation takes place through contact between sperm and proteins produced in the epididymal lumen. CD52 had been characterised in the sperm; however, the expression and its regulation in the epididymis are mostly unknown. Aim: This study aimed to analyse the expression and regulation of CD52 in the mouse epididymis. Setting and Design: Experimental design was used in this study. Materials and Methods: Epididymis tissues from mice strain Deutch Democratic Yokohama were used as sources of total RNA. Bioinformatic tool was used to predict signal peptides. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction was used to analyse tissue distribution, androgen, testicular factors dependency and postnatal development. Statistical Analysis: One-way analysis of variance was used to analyse differences between treatment and control untreated group. P < 0.05 was determined as a significant difference. Results: CD52 amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide, indicating it is a secretory protein. CD52 exhibited region-specific expression in the epididymis, with the highest level being in the cauda. CD52 expression was regulated by androgen indicated by a significant downregulation at day 1 and day 3 following a castration ( P < 0.05). Dependency on androgen was confirmed by injection of exogenous testosterone which prevented downregulation by 50%. Moreover, lumicrine factors also influenced CD52 expression indicated by ligation of efferent duct which also reduced expression at day 1 to day 5 following the ligation ( P < 0.05). CD52 expression was developmentally regulated. This was shown by increase in the level of expression starting at day 15 postnatally. Conclusion: CD52 shows characteristics of genes involved in sperm maturation in the epididymis.

The higher the production produced in agriculture, the higher the waste generated. For example, such as rice, the waste produced is very large, namely rice husks. Rice husk that can be utilized and developed for fuel needs. The method used was preparation, socialization and training which was carried out in Pangkoh Hulu Village, Pandih Batu District, Pulang Pisau Regency, Central Kalimantan. Charcoal briquettes are made from rice husks that are burned, mashed, and filtered until clean then mixed with tapioca flour and water, after which the briquettes are molded and dried to harden for 3-5 days. Digital marketing training in the form of packaging and branding is carried out to obtain added value so that it can be marketed by local residents. The participants who attended were the surrounding community, PKK women, and the X 2022 National Community Service Program students. There were approximately 30 participants who attended the activity and the Pangkoh Hulu Village community received and welcomed the training that we carried out. Making rice husk charcoal briquettes is one way to process rice husk waste so that it can become a selling point that can be marketed