Introduction: Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that patients with diabetes mellitus have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer disease, but the relationship between the 2 entities is not clear.
Development:Both diseases exhibit similar metabolic abnormalities: disordered glucose metabolism, abnormal insulin receptor signalling and insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and structural abnormalities in proteins and -amyloid deposits. Different hypotheses have emerged from experimental work in the last two decades. One of the most comprehensive relates the microvascular damage in diabetic polyneuritis with the central nervous system changes occurring in Alzheimer disease. Another hypothesis considers that cognitive impairment in both diabetes and Alzheimer disease is linked to a state of systemic oxidative stress. Recently, attenuation of cognitive impairment and normalisation of values in biochemical markers for oxidative stress were found in patients with Alzheimer disease and concomitant diabetes. Antidiabetic drugs may have a beneficial effect on glycolysis and its end products, and on other metabolic alterations.ଝ Please cite this article as: Domínguez RO, Pagano MA, Marschoff ER, González SE, Repetto MG, Serra JA. Enfermedad de Alzheimer y deterioro cognitivo asociado a la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2: relaciones e hipótesis. Neurología.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a highly polymorphic disease characterized by different neurologic signs and symptoms. In MS, racial and genetic factors may play an important role in the geographic distribution of this disease. Studies have reported the presence of several protective alleles against the development of autoimmune disorders. In the case of MS, however, they help define MS as a complex disease, and confirm the importance of environmental agents as an independent variable not associated with ethnicity. We carried out an on-site epidemiological study to confirm the absence of MS or NMO among Lacandonians, a pure Amerindian ethnic group in Mexico. We administered a structured interview to 5,372 Lacandonians to assess by family background any clinical data consistent with the presence of a prior demyelinating event. Every participating subject underwent a comprehensive neurological examination by a group of three members of the research team with experience in the diagnosis and treatment of demyelinating disorders to detect clinical signs compatible with a demyelinating disease. We did not find any clinical signs compatible with multiple sclerosis among study participants.
The essential oils composition of P. wallichiana P. monticola and P. strobus was determined by GC-FID and GC-MS analysis. Pinus wallichiana was the species with the highest essential oils production with an average yield of 0.97%, followed by P. monticola and P. strobus with 0.58 and 0.50% (v/dry wt).The main compounds with concentration higher than 5.0% were the monoterpene hydrocarbons:α-pinene (14,8 -21%), β-pinene (22,8 -34%), limonene (4,6 -17,8 %) and myrcene (1,6 -12,3%).The essential oils from P. wallichiana and P. monticola in comparison to P. strobus have been characterized by a higher content of limonene (17,8, 14,0 and 4,6%, respectively). On the other hand, the essential oil of P. strobus showed high levels of myrcene and oxygenated and hydrocarbons sesquiterpenes. All of the evaluated essential oils showed some inhibitory effects on the growth of F. verticillioides. However, none of the evaluated EOs significantly altered the FB 1 production under the experimental conditions.
Diabetic patients are at increased risk for developing Alzheimer disease, but paradoxically, their biochemical alterations and cognitive impairment are less pronounced than in groups of dementia patients without diabetes. A deeper understanding of interactions between the pathogenic processes of both entities may lead to new therapeutic strategies that would slow or halt the progression of impairment.
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