The chemical characteristics of humic substances (HS) extracted from several samples of peat soils of Sarawak, Malaysia, were determined by size exclusion chromatography, FTIR, UV-Vis, acid-base titration, and elemental and total hydrolysable carbohydrate analyses. The results showed that the total acidity of these HS ranged between 5.8 and 8.3 meq/g, with a clear indication that the fulvic acid component contained more carboxylic groups compared to humic acids. A comparison with the literature data for HS occurring elsewhere showed that the tropical peat of Sarawak has higher carboxylic and phenolic contents, is richer in carbohydrate moiety and also is more oxygenated. The UV-Vis analyses gave a relatively high E 4 /E 6 ratio, implying the prominence of aliphatic components. The relatively lower range of M w further suggested the dominance of smaller-sized humic molecules. These structural attributes suggest that the local HS may exhibit a strong complexing capability and greater susceptibility to electrophilic cleavage by trihalomethane-forming agents.
Produtos derivados de ácidos húmicos têm bom mercado; entretanto, estes não são populares nessa região, devido ao alto custo imposto aos produtos importados. Por esta razão, é essencial identificar uma fonte nativa de ácidos húmicos como condicionador de solo. Carvões de baixa classe são encontrados em abundância em Mukah, com aplicação não energética largamente explorada. Estudos preliminares mostraram que o tratamento químico com ácido nítrico poderia aumentar potencialmente o rendimento essencial de ácidos húmicos de 20 a 85%. Entretanto, ácido nítrico é um item caro, o que pode aumentar o custo, portando a possibilidade de empregar outros oxidantes precisa ser avaliada. Neste estudo, os ácidos húmicos foram extraídos de carvão de baixa classe de Mukah, com oxidação usando HNO 3 , H 2 O 2 e KMnO 4 e foram comparados em termos de rendimento, características químicas e espectroscópicas. Os resultados indicaram que a oxidação com H 2 O 2 envolveu considerável perda de peso, sendo desfavorável para a produção de ácidos húmicos. A oxidação com permanganato de potássio não é recomendada, pois uma quantidade substancial de compostos inorgânicos foi introduzida aos produtos e o rendimento essencial obtido foi baixo. A oxidação com ácido nítrico continua sendo a escolha no processo de extração de ácidos húmicos, uma vez que a perda de massa envolvida foi aceitável; o rendimento de ácidos húmicos obtido foi alto com características de baixo teor de cinzas e alto teor de grupos funcionais ácidos. Humic acid-based products are well marketed; nevertheless, these products remain unpopular in this region possibly due to the higher selling price resulted from the cost imposed on the imported products. For this reason, it is essential to identify the indigenous source of humic acids as the soil conditioner. Abundant of low rank coals are found in Mukah and the non-energy application of the source are largely unexplored. Preliminary study reported that chemical treatment with nitric acid could potentially increase the essential yield of humic acids from 20% to 85%. Nitric acid is an expensive item, which could add on to the cost, hence possibility of employing other oxidative approaches need to be evaluated. In this study, the humic acids were extracted from the low rank coal of Mukah with HNO 3 , H2O 2 and KMnO 4 oxidation and were compared in terms of yield, chemical and spectroscopical characteristics. Results indicated that H 2 O 2 oxidation involved considerable weight losses upon oxidation render it unfavorable for production of humic acids. Potassium permanganate oxidation however was not recommended, as a substantial amount of inorganic compounds was introduced to the products and the essential yield generated was low. Nitric acid oxidation remains the choice of the process for extraction of humic acids as the weight losses involved was acceptable; the yield of humic acids obtained was high with characteristics of low ash content and high acidic functional groups.
O ácido nítrico é um material eficiente na produção de ácidos húmicos. Contudo, é um item caro que torna o processo desfavorável industrialmente. Estudos indicaram que existe a possibilidade de re-utilização do ácido nítrico para oxidação; entretanto, as estruturas resultantes dos ácidos húmicos não foram estudadas. Por isso, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as propriedades espectroscópicas e químicas dos ácidos nitro-húmicos preparados com ácido nítrico re-utilizado. A amostra de carvão foi oxidada com ácido nítrico 5%, 10% e 15% com posterior extração dos ácidos nitro-húmicos. A concentração de ácido nítrico com melhores rendimentos foi empregada novamente em outros 2 ciclos de oxidação. As propriedades químicas e espectroscópicas dos ácidos nitro-húmicos foram avaliadas. Os resultados indicaram que o processo de oxidação geralmente melhora as propriedades funcionais ácidas dos ácidos nitro-húmicos, sendo que ácido nítrico a 10% produziu os melhores rendimentos. O ácido nítrico foi re-utilizado na extração, com bom rendimento, em torno de 78%. Estruturalmente, os ácidos nitro-húmicos produzidos com o ácido nítrico reutilizado apresentaram tamanhos moleculares maiores e menos grupos funcionais ácidos, sugerindo um menor fracionamento da estrutura.Nitric acid is an effective material for production of humic acids. Nevertheless, it is an expensive item that renders the process unfavorable industrially. Study indicated that there was a possibility to reuse the nitric acid for oxidation however the resulting structures of humic acids was not studied. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the chemical and spectroscopic properties of nitrohumic acids prepared with reused nitric acid. The coal sample was oxidized with 5%, 10% and 15% of nitric acid and subjected to extraction for nitrohumic acids. Concentration of nitric acid with the most yields was reemployed for another 2 cycles of oxidation. The chemical and spectroscopic properties of nitrohumic acids were evaluated. The results indicated that oxidation process generally improved the acidic functional properties of the nitrohumic acids with 10% nitric acid producing the most promising yield. The nitric acid was reused for extraction and the percentage yield remained good at an average of 78%. Structurally, the nitrohumic acids produced with the reused nitric acid demonstrated larger molecular size and fewer acidic functional groups suggesting lesser extent of structure fractionation.
The nature of caffeine reveals that it is a bitter white crystalline alkaloid. It is a common ingredient in a variety of drinks (soft and energy drinks) and is also used in combination with various medicines. In order to maintain the optimum level of caffeine, various spectrophotometric methods have been developed. The monitoring of caffeine is very important aspect because of its consumption in higher doses that can lead to various physiological disorders. This paper incorporates various spectrophotometric methods used in the analysis of caffeine in various environmental samples such as pharmaceuticals, soft and energy drinks, tea, and coffee. A range of spectrophotometric methodologies including chemometric techniques and derivatization of spectra have been used to analyse the caffeine.
Na Malásia encontram-se abundantes reservas de carvão em Sarawak e Sabah. A utilização dessas reservas, até agora, ocorre principalmente para produção de energia. O uso não-energético como condicionador de solo ainda é inexplorado. Assim, este estudo foca a caracterização de ácidos húmicos presentes no carvão de Mukah e a avaliação de suas propriedades como condicionador de solo. Os ácidos húmicos presentes em carvão regenerados foram também avaliados. Os resultados revelaram que diferentes extratores influenciam as propriedades dos ácidos húmicos. A extração com KOH 0,5 mol L -1 produziu carvões com baixo teor de cinzas e alto teor de grupos ácidos funcionais, que são importantes como condicionadores de solo. No entanto, o rendimento foi baixo. Amostras de carvão regenerado com ácidos nítricos aumentam o rendimento em 83,45% em média. A acidez dos grupos funcionais nitro-húmicos foi aumentada mantendo-se a quantidade de cinza em nível mínimo.In Malaysia, abundant coal resources were found in Sarawak and Sabah. The utilization of coal resources, to date, is emphasized on the energy productions. The non-energy utilization as soil conditioner is unexplored. Therefore, this study attempted to characterize the coal humic acids extracted from Mukah coal and to evaluate its properties as soil conditioner. The coal humic acids from the regenerated sample were also assessed. The results revealed that different extractants and concentrations influenced the properties of humic acids. The extraction with KOH at 0.5 mol L -1 produced humic acids with low ash content and high acidic functional groups, which are substantial as soil conditioner. However, the yield was low. Regeneration of coal sample with 10% nitric acids improved the yield to an average of 83.45%. The acidic functional groups of nitrohumic acids were improved with the ash content remained at a low level.
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