In tissue engineering, strategies are being developed to repair large bone defects by combining biomaterials and bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). For expansion of MSCs under good manufacturing practice conditions, human platelet lysate (PL) can serve as substitute for fetal bovine serum (FBS) in culture media. We compared the in vivo bone-forming capacity of passage 3 MSCs cultured with either PL or FBS for nine different human donors. We also tested the growth kinetics, antigen expression profile, and the multilineage differentiation capacity in vitro of these MSCs. The in vivo bone-forming capacity was determined by seeding culture-expanded MSCs onto biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds. Hybrid constructs were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice, retrieved after 6 weeks, and analyzed using histomorphometry. PL-supplemented cultures resulted in significantly larger colonies, shorter culture time period, and higher population doublings between P1 and P3 compared to FBS-containing cultures. No differences were observed in antigen expression profiles or differentiation capacities into the osteoblastic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic lineages, qualitatively. In vivo bone formation with PL-supplemented cultures of MSCs was demonstrated in 9/9 donors versus 6/9 for FBS-supplemented cultures. These results warrant the use of PL for ex vivo expansion of human MSCs for bone tissue engineering applications.