Homogeneous Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 nanoparticles were prepared: First, LiOH was coated onto TiO 2 nanoparticles via a sonochemical method, operated at 20 kHz and 220 W for 20 min. These particles have about 2-5 nm coating depth of LiOH on the TiO 2 nanoparticle surface. Second, the resulting nanoparticles were thermally treated at 500 • C for 1 h, resulting in the formation of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 (LTO) nanoparticles. These LTO nanoparticles had an average grain size of about 30-40 nm with excellent phase purity in good stoichiometric ratios of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 . These nanoparticles with a uniform size distribution were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and high resolution-transmission electron microscopy analyses.

Copper indium disulfide (CuInS2; CIS) films were deposited on various substrates by two-stage metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at relatively mild conditions, using Cu- and In/S-containing precursors without toxic H2S gas: first, a pure Cu thin film was prepared on glass or indium/tin oxide glass substrates by using a single-source precursor, bis(ethylbutyrylacetato)copper(II) or bis(ethylisobutyrylacetato)copper(II); second, on the resulting Cu film, tris(N,N-ethylbutyldithiocarbamato)indium(III) was treated to produce CIS films by a MOCVD method at 430 degrees C. In this process, their thicknesses and stoichiometries were found to be elaborately controlled on demand by adjusting the process conditions. The optical band gap of the stoichiometric CIS film was about 1.41 eV, which is in the near-optimal range for harvesting solar radiation energy.

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