The enzymatic transesterification of palm olein was conducted in a low-moisture medium with nonspecific and 1,3-specific lipases from microbial sources. The enzymes were first immobilized on Celite, ]yophilized for 4 h and then added to a reaction medium that consisted of 10% (wt/vo[) palm olein in water-saturated hexane. The catalytic performance of the enzymes was evaluated by determining the changes in triglyceride (TG) composition and concentrations by reverse-phase highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and the formation of free fatty acids by titration. Studies with lipase from Candida rugosa showed that the degree of hydrolysis was reduced by drying the immobilized preparation and that the best drying time was 4 h. In all cases, the transesterification process resulted in the formation of PPP, a TG initially undetected in the oil, and increases in the concentrations of OOO (1.3-2.1-fold), OOL (1.7-4.5-fold), and OLL (1.7-4.3-fold), where P, O, and L are palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids, respectively. SOS (where S is stearic acid), another TG not detected in the oil, was synthesized by Rhizomucor miehei and Pseudomonas lipases, with the latter producing more of this TG. There was a corresponding decrease in the concentrations of POP, PLP, POO, and POL. PPP concentration ranged from 1.9% (w/w) for Mucorjavanicus [ipase to 6.2% (w/w) for Pseudomonas lipase after 24 h. The greatest degree and fastest rate of change were caused by Pseudomonas lipase, followed by the enzymes from R. miehei and Aspergillus niger. The effects of transesterification and hydrolysis of palm olein by the various lipases resulted in changes in the overall degree of saturation of the triglyceride components. There seems to be no clear correlation between the enzyme positional specificity and the products formed. Possible mechanisms for the formation of PPP, OOL, OLL, OOO, and SOS are discussed. JAOCS 72, 633-639 (1995).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: 1) memperoleh gambaran tentang self-efficacy, lingkungan keluarga, lingkungan sekolah, dan minat berwirausaha pada siswa SMK Jasa Boga; 2) mengetahui pengaruh self-efficacy, lingkungan keluarga, dan lingkungan sekolah baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama terhadap minat berwirausaha siswa SMK Jasa Boga. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian ex-post facto. Populasi penelitian adalah seluruh siswa SMK kelas XII Kompetensi Keahlian Jasa Boga se kota Yogyakarta. Teknik pengambilan sampel menggunakan proporsional random sampling. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif, analisis regresi linier sederhana dan analisis regresi berganda. Hasil penelitian sebagai berikut. 1) Self-efficacy siswa sangat tinggi (mean 50,22); lingkungan keluarga siswa tinggi (mean 43,93); lingkungan sekolah tinggi (mean 44,72); dan minat berwirausaha siswa sangat tinggi (mean 47,25). 2) Terdapat pengaruh self-efficacy, lingkungan keluarga, dan lingkungan sekolah baik secara sendiri-sendiri maupun bersama-sama terhadap minat berwirausaha. Sumbangan efektif ketiga variabel bebas secara bersama-sama terhadap variabel terikatnya sebesar 39,35%. Kata Kunci: Self-Efficacy, Lingkungan Keluarga, Lingkungan Sekolah, Minat Berwirausaha THE EFFECTS OF SELF-EFFICACY, FAMILY ENVIRONMENT, AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT ON THE ENTREPRENEURIAL INTEREST OF THE CULINARY SERVICE DEPARTMENT STUDENTS AT VHSSAbstractThis study aims to: 1) describe self-efficacy, family environment, school environment, and entrepreneurial interest of students of the Culinary Service Department at vocational high schools (VHSs); and 2) investigate the effect of self-efficacy, family environment, school environment, both individually and as an aggregate on the entrepreneurial interest of grade XII students of the Culinary Service Department at VHSs. This was an ex post facto study. The research population comprised Grade XII students of the Culinary Service Department at VHSs in Yogyakarta. The sample, was selected by means of the proportional random sampling technique. The data were analyzed by means of the descriptive technique, simple linear regression, and multiple regression. The results of the study are as follows. 1) The students’ self-efficacy is very high (mean 50.22), their family environment is high (mean 43.93), their school environment is high (mean 44.72), and their entrepreneurial interest is very high (mean 47.25). 2) There is a significant positive effect of self-efficacy, family environment ,school environment both individually and as an aggregate on the entrepreneurial interest. The effective contribution of the three independent variables as an aggregate to the dependent variable is 39.35%.

This study aims to determine the consumption effect of Coleus tuberosus flour and crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 to glucose and lipids profiles in diabetic mice. The study was conducted with four treatments (normal mice with AIN 93 diet, diabetic mice with AIN 93 diet, diabetic mice with Coleus tuberosus flour diet, diabetic mice with coleus tuberosus crackers rich in resistant starch type 3). The analysis of blood glucose levels and lipids profile were determined using an enzymatic colorimetric method with a commercial kit. The results showed that the consumption of Coleus tuberosus flour and crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 can improve glucose and lipids profile (total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The atherogenic index was smaller on the diet treatment of Coleus tuberosus flour rich in resistant starch type 3 and Coleus tuberosus crackers rich in resistant starch type 3 compared to the AIN 93 feed.This study shows that the raw material (Coleus tuberosus flour rich in resistant starch type 3) and Coleus tuberosus crackers that are rich in resistant starch type 3 can potentially be consumed as a functional food to improve glucose and lipid profiles in diabetes mellitus condition.

Air Susu Ibu (ASI) merupakan makanan utama, alamiah dan terbaik untuk bayi, karena ASI mengandung hampir semua zat gizi dengan komposisi yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan tumbuh     kembang. Namun cakupan ASI eksklusif di Indonesia masih rendah. Rendahnya pemberian ASI eksklusif dapat disebabkan karena rendahnya tingkat pendidikan dan pengetahuan, pekerjaan dan kepercayaan, ASI tidak keluar, puting susu lecet dan bengkak. Selain itu faktor keluarga yang tidak mendukung dalam pemberian ASI aksklusif, petugas kesehatan yang kurang mempromosikan dalam pelaksanaan managemen laktasi karena terpengaruh oleh promosi susu formula, atau bisa juga dari pengaruh sosial budaya yang negatif.Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan.Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik denganpendekatancross sectional.Teknik sampling menggunakan accidental sampling dengan besar sampel 38 responden. Data dikumpulkan menggunakan cheklist dan di analisis secara komputasi menggunakan uji chi square   dengan a=0.05.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara dukungan keluarga dengan pemberian ASI eksklusif pada bayi usia 0-6 bulan. Sehingga perlu tindakan peningkatan kesadaran dan pemberian dukungan pada ibu bersalin untuk memberikan ASI eksklusif melalui melibatkan keluarga.Keywords: Air Susu Ibu (ASI), Dukungan Keluarga, Bayi 1

Until now the raw material of wood especially Gelam (<em>Melaleuca cajuputi</em>) available for supporting the construction of housing and other infrastructures is increasingly large in Indonesia. On the Island of Borneo that partly consists of swamps needs Gelam very large and continuous, particularly for residential development. However, areas of peat swamp forest habitat of this plant from year to year are degradation and shrinkage. This situation is a very big influence on the population of Gelam, while the management and timber trade systems are not well regulated. This study aims to analyze the management and timber trade systems of Gelam particularly in South Kalimantan to provide input to the policy holder in the preservation of Gelam. The method was used a field survey and interviews with traders and policy holders related regulations. The results showed in South Kalimantan the potency of Gelam is only 2,9-7,1 m3/ha and decreasing yearly. Normally Gelam with a diameter &lt;4 cm have been cut down, as well as &gt; 30 cm. These dimensions should not be cut because of &lt;4 cm too young and &gt; 30 cm can be used as seed sources. Gelam derived from peat swamp forest, which mostly comes from the Batola District and some came from Kapuas District of Central Kalimantan. Distributions of Gelam were starting gatherers logging in the forest then sold to small gatherers, next to the large gatherers and distributed to all districts/cities in South Kalimantan, wood processing industries, and some of them were sent to Java. The silviculture system of Gelam was using selective cutting. Classification of wood sizes traded by the diameter divided into 3-4cm, 5-6cm, 7-8cm, 9-10cm, 11-12cm, 13-14cm, 15-19cm and &gt; 20cm to 4m long. Its use consists of a small diameter (3-10cm) for foundry building and firewood, while the large diameter (10-20cm) for the construction of houses in swampy areas, and waste as well as the stems are bent and deformed used for firewood. Until now Gelam becomes into the business community and potential sources of local government revenue if managed properly. However, due to the rules of management and administration in South Kalimantan was not going well, thus threatening the sustainability especially with the growing extent of peat lands being converted into palm oil plantations.