AbstractAntioxidants are compounds that can counteract or reduce the negative impact oxidants in the body. Antioxidants work by donating an electron to compounds that are oxidant so that the oxidant compound activity can be inhibited. Antioxidants are classified into two, namely antioxidant enzymes and non-enzyme. Antioxidant enzymes as enzyme superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), a non-enzyme antioxidant found in many vegetables and fruits, which include reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C, E, β- carotene, flavonoids, isoflavones, flavones, antosionin, catechins, and isokatekin, and lipoic acid. Low antioxidant enzymes can be used as a marker of high levels of free radicals in the body. Following review aims to provide an overview of the role of antioxidants in preventing the formation of free radicals in the body.

Mercury in human body is a free radical that can cause depletion of glutathione (GSH) and hoarding of H2O2, leading to shorten the age of erythrocytes and cause haemolysis. Approximately 90% organic form can be absorbed by the intestinal wall, while inorganic forms are only about 10%. The initial form can also penetrate the blood and placental barrier so that it can cause teratogenic effects and nervous disorders. The effects of mercury toxicity on humans depend on the chemical form of mercury, dosage, age of people exposed, length of exposure, entry into the body, fish diet and consumption of seafood. Mercury is able to bind sulfidril proteins in cells resulting in nonspecific cell injury or even cell death, cessation of microtubule formation, enzyme inhibition, oxidative stress, cessation of protein and DNA synthesis, and autoimmune responses. Classified into a very toxic metal, mercury can trigger the formation of ROS, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, hydroxyl radicals that can inhibit enzymes, cell damage, DNA damage, protein structure damage, disruption on the body's antioxidant metabolism, especially superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Mercury exposure is associated with an increased risk of hypertension, myocardial infarction, coronary dysfunction, and atherosclerosis. This review is clearly in line to investigate the effect of mercury on human health based on previous research, article and other literature sources.

Latar belakang: Tuberkulosis paru adalah penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri mycobacterium tuberculosis masih menjadi masalah kesehatan. Tingginya angka kejadian TB paru dapat dikarenakan adanya faktor tingkat pengetahuan yang rendah, perilaku kesehatan yang buruk dan lingkungan rumah seperti ventilasi, pencahayaan, kelembaban, kepadatan hunianyang tidakmemenuhi syarat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui variabel paling dominan berhubungan dengan transmisi kejadian TB paru di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Bandarharjo Kota Semarang.Metode: Desain penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan case control. Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 40 kasus dan 40 kontrol. Kasus merupakan penderita TB paru di Puskesmas Bandarharjo yang didiagnosis secara klinis dan laboratorik BTA positif dan tercatat dalam medical record dari bulan Agustus 2016 sampai Agustus 2017,kontrol merupakan tetangga kasus yang tidak terdiagnosis TB paru BTA positif dan anggota keluarga tidak menderita TB paru BTA positif. Teknik sampling menggunakan proporsional random sampling. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan uji univariat menggunakan distribusi frekuensi, uji bivariat menggunakan Chi Square, uji Multivariat menggunakan Regresi logistik ganda. Hasil : Hasil uji bivariat variabel lingkungan yang terdiri dari luas ventilasi (p=0,000); kepadatan hunian (p=0,000); kelembaban (p=0,001); pencahayaan (p=0,001); suhu (p=0,001), sedang hasil variabel pengetahuan (p=0,002) dan perilaku (p=0,005). Hasil analisis multivariat variabel pengetahuan (OR=3,776); kepadatan hunian (OR=4,476); kelembaban (OR=4,030); pencahayaan (OR=3,635); suhu (OR=3,064); pengetahuan (OR=6,374); perilaku (OR=3,525).Simpulan: Lingkungan rumah, pengetahuan dan perilaku berhubungan dengan kejadian TB paru di wilayah kerja puskesmas Bandarharjo Semarang dan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan adalah pengetahuan. ABSTRACTTitle: Relationship Knowledge, Behavior and Household Environmentwith the Transmission Insidence Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Work Area of Bandarharjo Health Center SemarangBackground: Pulmonary tuberculosis, an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a health problem. A higher incidence of pulmonary TB has been associated with low level of knowledge, poor health behavior and household environment such as ventilation, lighting, humidity, residential density. The purpose of this study was to identify the most dominant factor associated with the transmission pulmonary TB in the Bandarharjo Health Center in Semarang.Methods: The research was an observational one with a case control study. The case and the control of this research were both using 40 respondents. The case was patients clinically diagnosed with pulmonary TB and has a laboratory BTA+ and documented in the medical record from August 2016 to August 2017. The control was a neighbor of cases with no BTA+ (acid resistant bacilli) pulmonary TB and history of family no BTA+ of pulmonary TB. The proportional random sampling was applied. The collected data were analyzed using univariate test of frequency distribution, bivariateof Chi Square, multivariate oflogistic regression.Results: Bivariate test of environmental variables consisting of ventilation area (p = 0.000); occupancy density (p = 0.000); humidity (p = 0.001); lighting (p = 0.001); temperature (p = 0.001), while the results of the knowledge variable (p = 0.002) and behavior (p = 0.005). The multivariate analysis showed variable of knowledge (OR = 3.776); residential density (OR = 4.476); humidity (OR = 4.030); lighting (OR= 3.635); temperature (OR = 3.064); knowledge (OR = 6.374); behavior (OR = 3.525).Conclusion: The household environment, knowledge and behavior were related to the transmission incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the working area of Bandarharjo health center and the most dominant factor was knowledge.

<span lang="EN-US">Mercury pollution can results from gold mining. Furthermore, a continuous mercury exposure can trigger the formation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and interfere with the body's antioxidant metabolism. A high level of free radicals in the body can be characterized by a low level of an antioxidant enzyme. Prevention to avoid the impacts of mercury poisoning is better than treatment. Tender coconut water can eliminate ROS and improve antioxidant status. This study aimed to was to confirm that tender coconut water is able to decrease the free radical which is characterized by increased antioxidant enzyme GPx status. This study was designed as randomized pre- and posttest control group design<em>,</em> 40 traditional gold mining workers devided into 2 groups: the control and treatment groups. After the pre test of GPx level, the workers were either given tender coconut water at the dose of 450 m L or water for 4 weeks every day. Four weeks after the pre-test, the level of GPx was assessed in the laboratory PAU-Gajahmada University. The post test results of the control group and treatments group were compared and analyzed using <em>Man Whitney test</em>. The mean levels of GPx post-test in the control group and treated group were 63.5±1.1 U/mL and 79.9±8.8 U/mL respectively. The analysis result obtained p-value 0.000 &lt;0.05. Tender coconut water has an effect on free radicals due to to mercury exposure. Tender coconut water can be consumed daily to prevent degenerative diseases caused by mercury exposure.</span>

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