Background: Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant and Escherichia coli, multidrug-resistant included in the list of antibiotic-resistant priority pathogens from WHO. As multidrug-resistant bacteria problem is increasing, it is necessary to probe new sources for identifying antimicrobial compounds. Medicinal plants represent a rich source of antimicrobial agents. One of the potential plants for further examined as antibacterial is Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. & Rolfe. The present study designed to find the antibacterial activity of D. dao stem bark extracts on Methicillinresistant S. aureus (MRSA) and E. coli Multiple Drug Resistance (MDR), followed by determined secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity and determined the value of MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration). Materials and Methods: D. dao stem bark extracted using 60% ethanol. Disc diffusion test methods used to find the antibacterial activity, following by microdilution methods to find the value of MIC and MBC. Secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity determined by bioautography using TLC (thin layer chromatography) methods. Results: D. dao stem bark extracts are sensitive to MSSA, MRSA and E.coli MDR bacteria. The inhibition zone is 16.0 mm in MSSA, 11.7 mm in MRSA and 10.7 mm in E. coli MDR. The entire MBC/MIC ratios for MSSA, MRSA and E.coli MDR is lower than 4. The ratio showed bactericidal effects of D. dao stem bark extracts. In TLC results, colorless bands found to be secondary metabolites with antibacterial activity. Conclusion: D. dao stem bark extracts are potential to develop as antibacterial agent especially against MRSA and E. coli MDR strain.

Annona muricata L. leaves (AML) is used as ethnomedicine by the Dayak Abai ethnicity in North Kalimantan for its already known use to reduce blood pressure. However, the mechanism of action in the vessel is still poorly understood. Aim study to prove the mechanism of action of AML in blood vessels. AML was extracted with a maceration technique using ethanol solvent. Mechanism of action test was performed with isolated rat aortic with endothelium (endo-intact) and without endothelium (endo-denuded). AML extract intervention on rats aorta with endo-intact and endo-denuded can induction vasodilatation activity. Increasing AML extract concentration can improve decrease vasodilatation activity on isolated rats aortic with endo-intact compared to endo-denuded, it means that endothelium can weaken vasodilatation activity of aorta mediated by vascular smooth muscle after the extract was given.

The aim of this study was to examine and compare the vasodilatory activities of ethanol extracts of Eleutherine bulbosa bulbs (EBBs) and leaves (EBLs) on isolated aortas from Wistar rats, with and without endothelium. EBBs and leaves EBLs were washed with clean water and chopped and dried in a 60°C drying cabinet. Extraction was carried out by maceration using an ethanol solvent. The collected filtrate was concentrated using a vacuum evaporator, and the concentrated liquid was dried further in a 60°C oven. By carrying out relevant bioassays, the ethanol extracts of EBBs and leaves EBLs were evaluated using Wistar rat aortic rings, with and without endothelium in Krebs-Henseleit solution. Aortic rings were precontracted with phenylephrine solution, and after reaching the plateaued peak contraction, a single dose of the extract solution was administered, and the contractility was measured. The percentage of aortic dilation was presented as mean ± SD and statistically analyzed using the t-test, deemed significantly different if the p-value was < 0.05. The results showed that E. bulbosa leaf extracts induced vasodilation of aortic rings without endothelium, which was stronger than E. bulbosa bulb EBB extracts, indicating the vasodilatory activity through the endothelium-independent vascular smooth muscle.

AbstrakLatar belakang: pangan fungsional dapat berupa makanan atau minuman. Pangan fungsional lebih bersifat pencegahan terhadap penyakit, sedangkan obat lebih bersifat menyembuhkan penyakit. Minuman Fungsional Herbal Kaltim (MFHK) yang diracik dari bahan-bahan tumbuhan yang ada di Kaltim telah diketahui memiliki citra rasa yang enak dan memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang kuat tetapi belum diketahui aktivitas vasodilatasi pada pembuluh darah dan keamanan pada penggunaan akut secara oral. Tujuan: mengeksplorasi MFHK pada kontraktilitas tonus pembuluh darah secara in vitro dan keamanan pada penggunaan akut secara oral. Metode: MFHK dikeringkan lalu diuji kontraktilitas pada pembuluh darah dengan menggunakan organ terpisah aorta tikus dengan endotel, hasil dinyatakan dalam bentuk persen tonus kontraktilitas aorta. Uji toksisitas akut peroral menggunakan tikus Wistar dan mencit Balb/c jenis kelamin jantan dan betina. Hasil: pada uji kontraktilitas aorta didapatkan secara berurutan dalam persen tonus kontraktilitas aorta pada konsentrasi ekstrak MFHK 0,04 mg/mL adalah (1,02 + 1,43) % dan kontrol (3,27 + 1,00) % dengan p>0,05; pada 0,08 mg/mL didapatkan (-1,39 + 1,41) % dan (4,50 + 1,14) % dengan p<0,05; 0,16 mg/mL didapatkan (-5,36 + 1,40) % dan (8,42 + 2,00) % dengan p<0,05. Dosis tunggal ekstrak 2 g/kgBB yang diberikan secara oral tidak didapatkan kematian pada tikus dan mencit jenis kelamin jantan dan betina. Kesimpulan: ekstrak MFHK memiliki aktivitas vasodilatasi pada pembuluh darah secara in vitro dan tidak toksik pada pemberian akut secara oral.

Povidone iodine is an antiseptic that is often used for wounds after tooth extraction, but is often debated because it can cause damage to cells and tissues. African leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del.) from the family Asteraceae has saponins as anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoids as that all may be able to accelerate wound healing. To investigate the activity of extracts of Vernonia amygdalina folia (VAF) to accelerate the process of wound healing after tooth extraction in rats. VAF extracted by maceration using methanol. Wistar male rats as much as 6 groups (n = 5 mice each group) performed tooth extractions, and then observed the reduction of gingival socket closure for 21 days after being given povidone iodine, distilled water and methanol extract group VAF by 4 concentration. The closure of the wound after tooth extraction in the group of povidone iodine rats occurred on the 8th day, the group aquadest cover the wound occurred on the 12th day, the extract group 1, 3, 5, 7% sequentially occur wound closure on day 6th, 5th, 4th and 4th. VAF methanol extract of the leaves can accelerate wound healing after tooth extraction of mice.