Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are the major virulence factors responsible for hemorrhagic colitis, which can lead to life-threatening systemic complications including acute renal failure (hemolytic uremic syndrome) and neuropathy. Here, we report that O-GlcNAcylation, a type of posttranslational modification, was acutely increased upon induction of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in host cells by Stxs. Suppression of the abnormal Stx-mediated increase in O-GlcNAcylation effectively inhibited apoptotic and inflammatory responses in Stx-susceptible cells. The protective effect of O-GlcNAc inhibition for Stx-mediated pathogenic responses was also verified using three-dimensional (3D)cultured spheroids or organoids mimicking the human kidney. Treatment with an O-GlcNAcylation inhibitor remarkably improved the major disease symptoms and survival rate for mice intraperitoneally injected with a lethal dose of Stx. In conclusion, this study elucidates O-GlcNAcylation-dependent pathogenic mechanisms of Stxs and demonstrates that inhibition of aberrant O-GlcNAcylation is a potential approach to treat Stx-mediated diseases.

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Recently, map-based web platform service providing services are vitalizing and lots of information. And services are providing by the public institutions based on the publicness and reliability. However, there is inconvenience in user accessibility and usability in existing services. Therefore, a design plan for convenient system to find out the public data the user would like to want to find easily and correctly and use it effectively shall be found in this study. To this end, first, study the theory of map web platform service design through the documentary service including the theses, news and books and also study the elements and method for usability evaluation. Second, design the usability evaluation and improvement direction selecting map based web platform service of public institution. Third, analyze the effect before and after the improvement by the usability evaluation for improved web platform service. Lastly, would like to suggest the plan for interface design and user experience based on the analysis.

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Recently, experience spaces using mathematics are increasing, and demand for various contents for operation is increasing. We are looking for ways to contribute to popularization, focusing on content that can motivate and interest in mathematics. This paper enables the use of 'AlgeoMath' online math education platform developed and used in Korea in connection with a math experience space. We propose a plan to present and utilize the experience content model of 'Designer with AlgeoMath'. The educational contents using this 'AlgeoMath' suggested a direction for learning mathematics through experiential activities in the experience spaces. We propose a specific experience process that can advance the relevant experience activity step by step by developing a model including the blueprint and conceptual diagram. Through this, the value of AlgeoMath used in online media was expanded to a physical space, and various utilization methods were sought in the mathematical experience space to popularize mathematics and suggested its meaning as a new educational content.