Objective This study aimed to analyze the expression pattern of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and its phosphorylated forms, GSK3β phosphorylated at Ser9 (pS9GSK3β), and GSK3β phosphorylated at Tyr216 (pY216GSK3β), in cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). Methods We performed immunohistochemical staining for GSK3β, pS9GSK3β, and pY216GSK3β in 64 SCC and 20 AC cases and compared their expression patterns between the 2 tumor types. Results Increased GSK3β and pS9GSK3β expression but decreased pY216GSK3β expression compared with that in the normal cervix were observed in both SCC and AC specimens. Specifically, the levels of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β were significantly increased in SCC and AC, respectively. GSK3β was localized in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of SCC and AC cells. However, pS9GSK3β was predominantly localized in the membrane of AC cells, whereas it was present in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm of SCC cells. Conclusion The results suggest that the phosphorylation status of GSK3β changes during cervical cancer development and the different expression levels and patterns of GSK3β and pS9GSK3β are associated with the specific histologic phenotype of cervical cancer.

Background: This study aimed to introduce the clinical outcomes of conservative surgery for uterine leiomyomatosis, which also included the specific gross findings of the disease and the specialized surgical technique. Methods: All patients with uterine leiomyomatosis underwent conservative surgery with fertility preservation, such as transient occlusion of the uterine arteries(TOUA) adenomyomectomy. All 17 surgeries were performed by a single surgeon (Y. S. Kwon), at Eulji University Hospital between 2018 and 2021. The clinical outcomes included surgical and follow-up outcomes after conservative surgery. Results: The mean age of the 17 patients was 36.12 years old (range29-48, SD = 5.4). Fourteen of the 17 patients received a previous myomectomy via a laparotomic (6, 35.3%), laparoscopic (6, 35.3%), or hysteroscopic (2, 11.8%) approach for symptom-relief. The major symptom was menorrhagia (94.1%); the mean operation time was 97.06 minutes (70–160, SD = 22.71), and the mean estimated blood loss was 283.53mL (20-1000, SD = 273.72). One patient required an intraoperative transfusion due to heavy bleeding. The mean hemoglobin level one day after the operation was 9.64g/dL (7.2–13.1, SD = 1.85). The mean hospital stay was 6.47 days (6–8, SD = 0.62). The mean follow-up duration was 116.41 weeks (32–216, SD = 50.88). The recurrence rate was 5/17 (29.4%), and the recurrence-free interval was 50.6 weeks (27–87, SD = 23.71). Conclusions: In patients with uterine leiomyomatosis, who want fertility preservation and relief of disease-related symptoms, conservative surgery, such as TOUA adenomyomectomy, could be a good option to preserve the uterus. However, further studies are required to assess fertility outcomes with a long-term follow-up.