The study of human crowd density estimation (H-CDE) using radio frequency is limited due to the nature of wireless medium and the advancement of visual-based systems. There were two statistical methods, namely, One-Way Analysis of Variance and Design of Experiment applied in designing the H-CDE system. One-Way Analysis of Variance is used to investigate the difference in signal attenuation between dynamic and static crowds. The Design of Experiment is utilized to identify significant crowd properties that affect wireless signal propagation. The significant factors were later trained into the H-CDE algorithm for the purpose of estimating the human crowd density in a defined sector. A sector comprising three placements of 2.4 GHz ZigBee wireless nodes continuously reported the received signal strength indicator to the main node. The results showed that the H-CDE system was 75.00% and 70.83% accurate in detecting the low and medium human crowd density, respectively. A signal path loss propagation model was also proposed to assist in predicting the human crowd density. The human crowd properties verified by using the statistical approach may offer a new side of understanding and estimating the human crowd density.

Billing system technology in the market nowadays is less efficient in parallel with revolution of technology. Conventional method widely uses a barcode scanner that has disadvantages as it is a manual system and requires man power. Besides that, the conventional method does not store the information such as warranty of the product and the information of a buyer. Using the smart shop billing system using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) reader and RFID tag, the system will become more efficient and automated. The system consists of two main elements which are passive RFID tag (125 kHz) and RFID reader (ID-20LA) that has similar function with a barcode tag and a barcode scanner. For the hardware components, the Espresso Lite V2.0 acts as a microcontroller and UC00C acts as Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter (UART) converter and Arduino IDE is used as a platform to link between hardware and software. The system is completed with the Internet of Things (IoT) technique to make sure the system can be operated wirelessly. As a result, all the information from the reader will be sent to Google spreadsheet as a cloud to store the information about the item to generate GUI bill. In conclusion this proposed system also uses a real time tracking.

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