Introduction Peritonitis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in surgical settings. Coexisting premorbid illness and postoperative complications were found to be associated with death. This study aimed to analyze various etiologies that cause peritonitis and shed light on the factors responsible for unsatisfactory results. Method This longitudinal study included 309 patients above 12 years of age, of either gender, with confirmed diagnosis of peritonitis. Exploratory laparotomy was done to identify the cause of peritonitis. Patients were monitored postoperatively till their discharge or death for the development of complications. Results Our results showed that the most common cause of acute peritonitis was duodenal perforation (26.2%), followed by typhoid ileal perforation (24.2%) and ruptured appendix (16.8%). At least one complication was observed in 31% of the participants. The most common complication was dehydration (18.8%), followed by septicemia (11.3%) and paralytic ileus (6.4%). Ten (3.2%) patients died in the hospital. Conclusions Acute peritonitis is a serious surgical emergency caused by a number of diseases. Early surgical treatment along with antibiotics, followed by aggressive resuscitation can yield improved outcomes in patients with peritonitis.

Introduction Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in low socioeconomic country like Pakistan. There are various factors responsible for UTI, one major factor being diabetes. This study aims to compare diabetic and non-diabetic patients, for gender association, symptoms, and organisms, with UTI. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the medicine ward of tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from January 2019 to December 2019. For urine analysis, freshly voided 5-10 ml of clean midstream urine specimens was collected in a sterile container. Samples were sent to the lab immediately, A colony count of ≥10 5 CFU/ml was considered for the diagnosis of UTI. Culture was done if UTI was diagnosed. Results The overall incidence of UTI in participants of the diabetic group was significantly higher than those in the non-diabetic group (13.67% vs 6.40%; P=0.004). Escherichia coli was the most common organism in both the diabetic and non-diabetic groups (60% vs 72%; P=0.73). Frequency of Klebsiella was considerably higher in the participants of diabetes but it was not significant (23.3% vs 11.1%; P=0.29). Conclusion UTI was significantly higher in the diabetic population compared to the non-diabetic population. Since diabetes is prevalent in Pakistan, care of diabetes should include reducing the risk factors for UTI.

Introduction: First-line treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) includes a dopamine analog, levodopa, administered in combination with carbidopa to increase efficacy. Wearing-off (WO) phenomenon is a frequent complication which is defined as a reoccurrence of motor and non-motor symptoms during levodopa free interval, which has a negative impact on the quality of life of patients. Through this study, we aim to determine risk factors that lead to the manifestation of the WO phenomenon among patients presenting in our out-patient department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Method: A observational case-control study was conducted from April 2019 to December 2019 in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. A total of 101 patients who had PD were included in the study. They were randomized into two groups i.e. patients who had WO phenomenon (59 participants) and patients who did not experience WO (42 participants) phenomena. Patients were evaluated based on a self-administrated questionnaire. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Result: WO was significantly higher in those patients who had earlier onset of Parkinson (59 ± 10 vs. 65 ±8; p<0.002) and had the disease for a longer duration (7.9±5.1 vs. 5.6±3.1, p<0.002). Other findings included, there was more risk of WO in patients on anti-parkinsonian treatment for longer duration (7.2±5.1 vs. 3.9±3.5, p<0.010) and on longer duration on levodopa treatment (6.9±4.9 vs. 3.1±2.8, p<0.0001). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated several factors which are responsible for the WO phenomenon. This will aid neurologists to consider these risk factors while prescribing different treatment modalities for the disease to improve efficacy and mitigate WO effect among patients, specifically while advising levodopa.