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In February 2012, a massive new foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak struck Egypt. In this work, one-step RT-PCR assays were used for in-house detection and differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in Egypt in this year using pan-serotypic and serotype-targeting sequence primers. FMDV SAT2 was the dominant virus in the examined isolates from the epidemic. The complete VP1 coding regions of two isolates were sequenced. The two isolates had 99.2 % sequence identity to most contemporary Egyptian SAT2 reference viruses, whereas they had 89.7-90.1 % identity to the SAT2/EGY/2/2012 isolate, which was collected from Alexandria, Egypt, and previously sequenced by WRLFMD. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Egypt had one topotype and two lineage of FMDV SAT2 in 2012. The Egyptian and the Palestinian 2012 strains were associated mainly with topotype VII, lineage SAT2/VII/Ghb-12, while the virus isolated from Alexandria Governorate belonged to the SAT2/VII/Alx-12 lineage. Topotype VII also comprised lineages that included strains isolated from Libya in 2012 and 2003. Furthermore, within the same topotype, the Egyptian SAT2/2012 isolates were related to strains from Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Eritrea, Cameroon and Nigeria. Nevertheless, more epidemiological work with neighboring countries is needed to prevent cross-border spread of disease and to reach a precise conclusion about the origin of the 2012 FMDV SAT2 emergency in the Middle East.

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Nanotechnology plays a unique and novel role to develop new methods for adjuvant preparation, which play an important role in the efficacy of vaccines. In this study we have studied the effects of Calcium phosphate nanoparticles (CaP) <150 nm particle size measuring with Electron microscope, on the magnitude and type of immunity elicited in response to inactivated FMD trivalent vaccine. A comprehensive sero-immunological study was conduced to reveal the adjuvant's effect of Calcium phosphate nanoparticles on the immune response to oil adjuvanted trivalent Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) in vaccinated calves. This study was conducted in three calve groups; group (A) vaccinated subcutaneously with trivalent oil FMD vaccine, group (B) vaccinated subcutaneously with trivalent FMD vaccine adjuvanted with Calcium Phosphate nonaoparticles (10 mg/dose).While group (C) vaccinated subcutaneously with trivalent FMD vaccine adjuvanted with both oil and CaP nanoparticles. The humeral and cellular immunoresponses were monitored in different tested groups. Results indicated that the incorporation of Calcium phosphate nanoparticles into inactivated FMD vaccine induces an increase of the specific protective immune response. Higher and longer period of immune responses were found in calves vaccinated with both oil and Calcium phosphate nanoparticles adjuvanted vaccine up to 40 week, while those vaccinated with Calcium Phosphate nanoparticles and with oil vaccine showed protected immunity up to 36 and 32 weeks respectively.

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