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This study was conducted to determine whether the backpack's load of sixth grade elementary school students has exceeded the recommended load limit and to design an ergonomic backpack based on the ideal weight of the backpack's load. The data were obtained using anthropometry and interviews with 70 respondents of 6 th grade elementary school students in Bandung. It is known that the average of backpack load has exceeded the limit based on previous research has done to 10% of the child's weight can caused musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder and back parts, so in this study a backpack was designed ergonomically based on the ideal weight of a backpack by converting 10% of the average weight of the students into the backpack capacity. The conversion result is combined with anthropometric data to determine the dimension of backpack, which is 35 x 25 x 6 cm. Backpack equipped with some additional features such as front pocket, back pads and chest straps as well as waist straps. Finally, this study showed the design of an ergonomic backpack for sixth grade elementary school students, where the capacity of the backpack is conditioned to not carry loads that exceed the ideal weight of a backpack.

Bandung has more than 500 city parks that spread in 5 sectors which need to be maintained. As the department in charge of the city park watering, Diskamtam need to design their daily watering route and schedules to minimize operational costs. The watering route will be designed by using Clark and Wright Saving Heuristic method. By taking into account congestion factors, transportation cost can be minimized, and watering schedule can be developed. Trucks with the capacity of 5.000 litres will be assigned to water every 25 parks in the sector 2 route and the sector 4 route. This study find sector 2 need to be divided into five watering routes and sector 4 need to be divided into 4 watering routes. as a result, there is a 0.83% increase in operational cost. this is due to the congestion factor.

Setiap perusahaan umumnya memiliki sistem distribusi dan transportasi dalam menunjang pengiriman barang kepada customer. Diperlukan sistem distribusi yang efektif dan efisien sehingga biaya dari transportasi dalam perusahaan dapat diminimasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan algoritma Ant Colony System (ACS) untuk model matematis Heterogeneous VehicleRouting Problem with Soft Time Window (HVRPSTW) pada penentuan rute transportasi yang dapat meminimasi biaya pada perusahaan PT XYZ. HVRPSTW merupakan VRP yang mempertimbangkan kendaraan yang beragam dan jendela waktu dengan adanya biaya penalti yang dibebankan apabila kendaraan tiba di luar waktu yang telah ditentukan. Salah satu cara yang digunakan untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan VRP adalah metode metaheuristic ACS. Metode ACS diimplementasikan untuk menemukan rute kendaraan terbaik sesuai dengan kendala-kendala yang sudah ditentukan. Tahapan awal adalah mencari solusi awal menggunakan metode Nearest Neighbour yang akan digunakan sebagai pheromone awal. Proses pencarian rute pada ACS menggunakan tahapan tour construction lalu dilakukan update pheromone. Pemecahan masalah akan dilakukan dengan bantuan aplikasi Python. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dihasilkan total jarak sebesar 1448,98 km dan total cost sebesar Rp. 3.582.367,86, di mana terjadi selisih jarak dengan penelitian sebelumnya menggunakan metode eksak sebesar 6,48 km (0,45%) dan selisih total biaya sebesar Rp. 42.248,86 (1,19%). Kata kunci: ant colony optimization, vehicle routing problem, kapasitas kendaraan yang beragam, jendela waktu, biaya transportasi.