ABSTRACT:The Spleen is a large lymphoid organ situated in the left hypochondrial region having an important role in immunological and hematological functions of the human body. The aim of this study was to find the morphological variations of the spleen with respect to it's a) Shape, b) Number of notches on its borders and c) Presence of anomalous fissure on its surface. The Study was done on 60 formalin fixed cadaveric spleen from the Department of Anatomy, Narayana Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh. Out of 60 spleens we examined, the various shapes of the spleen were noted such as wedge shape (73.33%), triangular (13.33%), tetrahedral (6.67%) and oval shape(6.67%).The number of spleen showing notches on its superior border was 38(63.33%) and in inferior border it was 6(10%). Absence of splenic notch was observed in 10(16.67%) spleens and the remaining 6 spleens (10%) shows notches on its both the borders. The anomalous splenic fissure was found in 4(6.67%) spleens on its diaphragmatic surface. The knowledge of variations in the morphology of spleen are essential for physician, surgeon, radiologist and forensic surgeon to differentiate it from the splenic pathology and splenic injury. In addition to this, it is also important for anatomist during routine classroom dissection and discussion.

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The present study aims in contributing data toward the need for broad and judicious use of antibiotics to curtail and effectively treat the emerging trends of multi drug resistant strains of infection and in successful treatment of pyogenic infection. The present study will certainly help clinicians in the planning and management of pyogenic infections, both surgical and otherwise. Samples and swabs were taken from 500 patients admitted in our institute under the Intensive care units and the general wards limiting the age group of study to adults between 18 -60 years of age. The organism preponderance, growth pattern were noted. Among 500 samples collected 94 were found to contain gram positive organisms and 369 samples were found to be positive for Gram negative organisms respectively. Among the gram positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus was found to have a higher level of incidence, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa being highest among gram negative organisms. Among the Gram positive organisms highest susceptibility was shown against Linezolid, Vancomycin and Amikacin. Among Gram Negative organism's highest susceptibility was against imipenem, Amikacin and Piperacillin / tazobactam.

BACKGROUND Knowledge of sigmoid colon is of importance while treating patients with carcinoma of rectum. 1 Sigmoid colon is often preferred as a site for colostomy. Mobility of sigmoid colon also makes it suitable for implantation of the ureter after surgical removal of bladder. Sigmoid colon shows great variation in its length giving rise to complications such as volvulus and diverticulitis, 1 both of these conditions being common among Indian Population. Factors attributing to the condition include the length of the sigmoid colon, its position, the sigmoid mesocolon and its attachments. 2 The study aims to record the morphometry of the sigmoid colon in both male and female cadavers of Chennai, and to correlate the morphometry with previous literature. We also wanted to reaffirm the relevance of the past morphometric literature with the current measurements with regard to region and biological gender. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive study. 20 male and 10 female cadavers were dissected by first year M.B.B.S. students following standard dissection procedures and before the intestines were displaced, the study was conducted. Measurements were taken using inch tape and gross variations were noted and photographed. RESULTS 2% variation was observed with regard to relation to the site of the sigmoid colon. Various other measurements correlated with those of other previous studies. Previous studies show that irrespective of the dating of the studies, they are still relevant in current scenario to help and guide in invasive and surgical procedures of the sigmoid colon. CONCLUSION The relevance of previous studies irrespective of the decade of study has been established. Clinicians need to consider all the previous data for interventional procedures being done currently and should be planned on a daily basis.