Pancytopenia refers to a decrease in circulating levels of erythrocytes, neutrophils and platelets. These changes typically occur as a result of reduced production within the bone marrow or from peripheral cell destruction. A variety of causes have been reported in the literature, including primary bone marrow disorders, neoplasia, infectious diseases and toxins. When presented with a case of feline pancytopenia, it is important to take a thorough history, including travel history and any recent husbandry changes. Treatment and prognosis are dependent on the underlying cause, with favourable outcomes more commonly reported in cases of toxicity and certain infectious diseases. This article summarises the reported causes of pancytopenia, and provides a structured approach to managing these cases in practice.