The certified organic cotton supply chain is compared to the conventional cotton supply chain in Mali. The most important differences between the two supply chains are highlighted in this study. Switching to organic production may offer a range of potential advantages to cotton farmers, including lower expenses for farm inputs, healthier soils, diverse sources of income, and higher prices. A comparison of the gross margins of both production methods indicates that Mali organic cotton may be able to offer higher gross margins than conventional cotton farming.

This research studies environment dimensions, company policy, operations, and technologies of Canadian petroleum refinery companies. It proposes an analysis of the supply chain from suppliers to clients and focuses on specific actions related to the following: (i) Reduction of contaminants; (ii) Analysis of the operations process; (iii) Development of parameters and characteristics that can evolve into a benchmarking system for measuring greenness efforts of petroleum refineries, based on a previous model suggested by the first two authors. This analysis aims at defining the basic features of an "Olympic" green supply chain, characterized by zero emissions, zero waste of resources, zero waste in activities, zero use of toxics, zero waste in product life-cycle, and zero waste (the five zeros analogous to the five circles in the Olympic flag), green inputs, and green outputs.

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