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Hexagonally arranged nanocylindrical arrays of polymer-complexed multivalent metallic ions were fabricated by performing template process with amphiphilic diblock copolymer consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and liquid crystalline poly(methacrylate) with azobenzene mesogen (PEO-b-PMA(Az)). The block copolymer exhibits PEO hexagonal cylindrical microdomains perpendicular to the substrate. Lead ions were selectively diffused into the PEO microdomains to generate the lead-doped nanocylinder array, of which size, shape, and alignment can be controlled by the block copolymer thin film as a template.

Complete video-assisted thoracic surgery phrenic nerve reconstruction was effective for direct anastomosis as well as for intercostal nerve interposition anastomosis in a small sample of selected patients. The procedure shows promise for phrenic nerve reconstruction and further data should be accumulated over time.