As the epigeic earthworms are known to be efcient and potential biodegrades and nutrient releasers, tolerant to wide range of ecological disturbances, aids in litter communication and efcient decomposers. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to nd out the inuence of various organic wastes (such as False Ashoka waste-FAW (Polyalthia longifolia), Parthenium wastePW (Parthenium hysterophorus), Cotton residue waste-CRW (Gossypium), Lawn grass waste-LGW (Agrostis) and Cattle manure-CM) on the production of worm biomass and vermicompost by the epigeic earthworm, Perionyx excavatus along with control compost experiments without worms (in triplicates) to know the potentiality of this worm species in processing of various organic wastes for the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein and vermicompost as biofertilizer. Both compost and vermicompost experimental pots were terminated after 35 and 70 days time intervals. Observations were made with respect to number of old and new adult worms, new sub-clitellates, juveniles, cocoons with their weight were noted to determine the total worm biomass (Gross biomass), biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold Increase in Worm Number (FIWN). Percent compost and vermicompost produced out of different organic waste were also calculated at the end of each experiment at35 and 70 days. The results of the present study revealed that the biomass of Perionyx excavatus such as Gross worm biomass (GWB), Worm biomass ratio (WBR) and Fold increase in worm number (FIWN) increased from 35days to 70 days time intervals in all the organic wastes (FAW, PW, CRW, LGW and CM). It was maximum in CM and minimum in FAW among all the organic wastes. There is a signicant variation was noticed in worm biomass production (GWB, WBR, and FIWN) among and between all the organic wastes except between few organic wastes at 35 and 70 days time intervals. The vermicompost production was more as compared to normal compost in all the organic wastes. Further, both compost and vermicompost production were more in CM followed by LGW, CRW, PW and minimum in FAW among all organic wastes. The signicant difference was also observed in the production of compost and vermicompost among and between different organic wastes except between few organic wastes at different time intervals. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the earthworm, Perionyx excavatus is an efcient epigeic earthworm species, effectively used in vermicomposting for the production of vermicompost and as well as in vermifarming in the production of worm biomass as vermiprotein. Further, earthworm biomass, compost and vermicompost production primarily depends on nature of organic wastes and secondly on the potentiality of earthworm species used in the experimental studies.

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a frequently occurring metabolic and reproductive endocrinopathy. Young women with PCOS mainly present with reproductive problems such as hyperandrogenism, menstrual irregularities, infertility and chronic anovulation. Despite its high prevalence and implications on reproductive health, PCOS is underdiagnosed. The objective was to study the prevalence of PCO in women with infertility, their symptomatology, endocrine profiles and coexisting factors of infertility in women with PCOS.Methods: A prospective study was performed over a period of 6 months. Women presenting with infertility were subjected to detailed history taking, general and gynecological examination. Women with features of PCOS on ultrasound were identified and advised investigations such as serum FSH, LH, prolactin and laparoscopy when indicated.Results: During the study period, 102 patients consulted the infertility clinic, out of which 56 were diagnosed with PCOS. The prevalence of PCOS was found to be 54.9% among infertile women. Menstrual irregularity was found in 33 (59%) women, however, 23 (41%) had regular menstrual cycles. 4 among the 33 patients complained of dysmenorrhea, 5 had heavy menstrual bleeding. On examination, 19 (33.9%) were found hirsute, 8 (14.28%) had thyroid enlargement and 2 (3.57%) had galactorrhea. Investigations revealed mean FSH and LH levels of 8.7±2SD and 13.7±2SD respectively and mean LH/FSH ratio of 1.57±2SD.Conclusions: PCOS is a heterogenous disorder and with its high prevalence in infertile women, proper diagnosis and management is essential as it has many potential metabolic and cardiovascular risks if not managed appropriately.

Background Nicolau syndrome is a rare adverse drug reaction clinically presented with painful erythema and tissue necrosis often accompanied by intramuscular injections of NSAIDS (diclofenac), penicillin, corticosteroids and local anesthetics. Case presentation This case report describes a 29-year-old male patient who was repeatedly hospitalized for the treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris. When the patient visited for the fourth time to our hospital, he complained of unusual sharp pain over the right gluteal region ever since the administration of diclofenac 75 mg intramuscular injection for persistent back pain during his previous stay. On physical examination, the right gluteal region showed a globular swelling with erythema and pus filled necrosed tissue. The CT scan did not show any presence of hematoma, ruling out any possibility of compartment syndrome. Based on this clinical evidence he was diagnosed with Nicolau Syndrome secondary to diclofenac injection. The tissue injury necessitated surgical debridement and after a span of 2 months, it healed leaving a permanent scar. In addition, this case report highlights the treatment of recalcitrant pemphigus vulgaris with rituximab therapy. Conclusion Clinical pharmacist plays a vital role in educating healthcare professionals about following right protocol for administration of injectable drugs, early detection and management of the ADR. Similarly, patient receiving injections should be educated about warning signs and symptoms of such adverse drug reaction.

Medicinal value of earthworms has been known since centuries, this is evident from history of ancient southeastern countries like China, Japan and Vietnam. The present study was carried out to evaluate antifungal activity by using different epigeic earthworm species, Eudrilus eugeniae, Eiseina fetida, Perionyx excavates and standard drug Itraconazole as positive control against Candida albicans, The agar well diffusion method was used for antifungal assay maintained at 37 °C for 24 hrs. The results of the present study revealed that antifungal activity i.e. Zone of Inhibition was more in Eudrilus eugeniae (EE) followed by Perionyx exacavatus (PE) but no antifungal activity was observed in Eisenia fetida (EF). Again zone of inhibition in EE was comparatively more (15.33±0.33) at 10μg/ml concentration than that of 20μg/ml (10.33±0.33) and 30µg/ml (10.66±0.33) respectively, whereas antifungal activity was only seen in 30 µg/ml (11.33±0.33) in PE. Further, antifungal activities of EE & PE were comparatively less than that of standard drug (Itraconazole) as positive control at 5µg/ml in the present study. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the samples of EE showed much higher antifungal activity as compared to with other two species PE & EF. The present study also suggests that the biomolecules or bioactive compounds present in particular earthworm tissue are going to inuence against various pathogenic microorganisms, such earthworms can be useful in further purication of biomolecules that can be used for new drug discovery in pharmaceutical applications.

Background: Worldwide Infertility rate prevails around 8-12% of all couples; approximately 80 million are infertile. In India 10-15% of couples are infertile. Investigating for infertility is to intervene into the modifiable/treatable causes. Therefore, the present study has been undertaken to investigate the morphological patterns of endometrial tissue in women with primary infertility.Methods: The study included 60 cases with complaints of infertility (primary). The premenstrual D and C was done to obtain endometrial biopsy. The present prospective study was a descriptive study and the values are mentioned in percentages.Results: In present study a total of 60 cases were studied. Out of which 36 cases (60%) belonged to the young adult age group. The predominant morphological pattern was that of secretory endometrium seen in 22 cases (36.66%) as opposed to proliferative, endometritic or tubercular pattern. The predominant menstrual pattern recorded was regular; seen in 41 cases (68.33%) as opposed to irregular or mennorhagic patterns.Conclusions: The endometrial biopsy has a great role in screening the cases of infertility as it helps to assess the information about ovulation, ripening of the endometrial tissue and other abnormal endometrial reaction, hormonal imbalance. This is the only method to label the diagnosis of endometrial tuberculosis in an apparently healthy female.