The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of probiotic mixed environment improvement agent feeding and spreading on ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions of Hanwoo manure. Three animals were allocated to each pen as an experimental unit.An experiment was performed with three replicates as a complete randomized design and treatments were assigned a control group and a mixed environment improvement agent group. In the result of the feeding trial, at 60 days, ammonia gas emission from Hanwoo manure was significantly lower content in the probiotics mixed environment improvement agent group than in the control group (p = 0.027), hydrogen sulfide gas emission from Hanwoo manure tends to be lower in the probiotics mixed environment improvement agent group than in the control group (p = 0.085). At the 5-day point of the spreading trial, ammonia gas emission from Hanwoo manure was significantly lower in the probiotics mixed environment improvement agent group than in the control group (p = 0.001). As a result, probiotic mixed environment improvement agents could be helpful in lowering the concentrations of odor substances in a farm.

This paper presents the design of a single-ended four-level pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM-4) transmitter for an on-chip short-reach unterminated channel. To achieve multi-output generation, a local voltage buffer consisting of a diode-connected device and a leaker transistor is introduced. By charge-sharing between a local reservoir capacitor and an unterminated channel, the proposed transmitter generates mid-level output voltages without using the DC current, thereby realizing multi-level signaling without significantly increasing the static current. A prototype chip was fabricated by 28 nm CMOS process, and the transmitter exhibits an energy efficiency of 0.17 pJ/bit at 28 Gb/s/pin, which is state-of-the-art energy efficiency as a multi-level transmitter having a data rate beyond 20 Gb/s.