The multi-drug resistance (MDR) bacteria is a global health problem that causes high mortality every year. Therefore, novel antibacterial agents are needed from natural biological sources. This research aimed to investigate the antibacterial activities of various crude extracts of Averrhoa bilimbi against MDR bacteria. The antibacterial activity was calculated based on the use agar well diffusion assay and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) using Mueller–Hinton broth in a microdilution method. Bacteria from wells were subcultured using inoculating loop onto a 5% sheep BAP. The best antibacterial activity, calculated as the most widely inhibitory zone and the smallest MBC values. The ethanolic extract showed antibacterial activity against the all MDR bacterial test in the agar well diffusion assay (10-14.5 mm inhibition diameter). The MBC of water extract against ESβL + CR Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed the best antibacterial activity (12.5 mg/mL). The fruit of bilimbi was shown to be potentially developed as antibacterial agents, especially for MDR strains. Further in vivo research and discovery of action mode are needed to shed light on their antibacterial effects. This study can provide new information about the benefits of bilimbi as a source of natural antibacterial againts MDR-bacteria

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ABSTRAKGolongan darah ABO pada manusia ditentukan berdasarkan jenis antigen dan antibodi yang terkandung dalam darahnya. Pemeriksaan golongan darah untuk mendeteksi keberadaan antigen di permukaan membran sel darah merah dengan cara mereaksikan darah manusia dengan anti A dan antiB.Penggunaan serum untuk pemeriksaan golongan darah jarang dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis perbedaan hasil pemeriksaan golongan darah sistem ABO menggunakan serum dan reagen dengan metode slide. Bahan yang digunakan adalah darah manusia golongan A,B,AB dan O serta reagen anti A, anti B dan anti AB. Pemeriksaan golongan darah dengan metode slide, penilaian menggunakan skoring ( likert scale). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan grade aglutinasi yang dihasilkan oleh serum berbeda dengan grade aglutinasi menggunakan reagen anti-sera, karena di dalam serum tidak hanya berisi antibodi tetapi ada komponen yang lainnya yang mempengaruhi reaksi aglutinasi antara antigen pada permukaan eritrosit dengan serum anti A, anti B maupun anti AB. Pemeriksaan Golongan darah manusia hasilnya lebih baik menggunakan reagen antisera Kata kunci: golongan darah; sistem ABO; serum; reagen anti-sera.ABSTRACT ABO blood type in human is determined based on the antigen type and antibody contained in blood.The blood type examination to detect the presence of antigen on the surface of erytrocyte cell membran is conducted by reacting the human blood with anti A and anti B. The utilization of serum to examine blood type is in fact less frequently used. This research aims at analyzing theexamination result differences of ABO blood type system using serum and anti-sera reagent with slide method. The materials used in this research are human blood type A,B,AB and O as well as reagent anti A, anti B and anti AB. The blood type examination is conducted using slide method, whilethe scoring is conducted using likert scale.The research result shows that the agglutination grade resulted by the serum is different with that resulted by anti-sera reagent Penentuan Golongan Darah Sistem ...