Tumor hypoxia is a hallmark of solid tumors and emerged as the therapeutic target for cancer treatments, such as a prodrug Tirapazamine (TPZ) activated in hypoxia. To increase tumor accumulation, gold nanoparticles (GNPs) were selected to conjugate with TPZ. In this study, we successfully formulated and assessed the biochemical and therapeutic roles of the conjugated gold nanoparticles–Tirapazamine (GNPs–TPZ) on therapeutic assessments of MKN45-induced xenograft animal model. The results indicated that GNPs–TPZ was a potential nanomedicine for selectively targeting hypoxia tumors coupled with decreased side effects on healthy tissue or organs. TPZ significantly reduced cell viability of hypoxic gastric cancer MKN45 cells, but not in cells incubated in normoxia condition. For improving tumor targeting efficiency, furthermore, the GNPs drug carrier was conjugated to TPZ via biding mediator bovine serum albumin (BSA), and we demonstrated that this conjugated GNPs–TPZ retained the unique characteristics of hypoxic toxin and possessed the adequate feature of systemic bio-distributions in animals. GNPs–TPZ nanoparticles revealed their superior affinity to hypoxia tumors in the MKN45 xenograft. Moreover, GNPs–TPZ treatments did not significantly alter the biochemical parameters of blood samples acquired from animals. Taken together, TPZ, a prodrug activated by hypoxia, was conjugated with GNPs, whereas BSA severed as an excellent binding agent for preparing the conjugated GNPs–TPZ nanomedicines. We demonstrated that GNPs–TPZ enhanced tumor targeting, resulting in higher therapeutic efficacy compared to TPZ. We suggest that it may sever as an adjuvant treatment or combined therapy with other chemotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer patients in the future.

The excretory system should be taught through constructivism so as conceptual understanding could be built well, and students could apply their knowledge in daily life. The research aims to find out the influence of a learning model of Cooperative Integrated Reading and Composition (CIRC) based on scientific approach (Cirsa) on conceptual understanding of excretory system. The methods used include quasi-experiment with pre-test and post-test control group design. Instruments used are conceptual understanding tests of excretory system referring to Bloom's revised taxonomy of C1 to C6 consisted of 12 question items that are valid and have high-reliability categories. The research is conducted in 11th grade of Mathematics and Science of a senior high school in excretory system subject. Learners involved in the research consist of 68 people. Sampling technique uses simple random sampling. The results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and Fisher test obtained that conceptual understanding excretory system data are normally distributed and homogeneous. The results of hypothesis testing on normalized gain and effect size calculation indicate that there was an influence of Cirsa learning model on conceptual understanding of excretory system which cateqorized into effective. Based on the research findings, it is expected that excretory system learning could be taught to learners using Cirsa learning model.

Rhombus model is a theoretical framework to measure consumers’ particular behaviour. It consists of three predictor variables that can swap places. This study employs a brand image, perceived price, and perceived quality as predictor variables, and purchase intention as a predicted variable. The study cohort was the consumers of mobile phones with a water proof feature and they were chosen using a convenient sampling technique. In total, 238 participants completed a survey. Data were analysed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to validate data and structural equation model to test hypotheses. We calculated three models with variables that exchange positions. This study provides a new option for presenting data.   Received: 4 September 2021 / Accepted: 7 November 2021 / Published: 3 January 2022

- Selection of a good food menu for children is a factor that needs to be considered to optimize the growth of the baby. In this case, the role of parents is needed in the selection of good food for children. The food menu needed for children must contain balanced nutrients such as carbohydrates, protein, fiber content, and water. As is the case with children in the Taqwa Perkebunan Gunung Melayu Kindergarten where the regulation of diet in children is very dependent on the knowledge of the mother in choosing, processing and managing the food needed for the child's school supplies. For this reason, a decision support system is needed in determining the ranking of healthy food menus using the AHP method. The AHP method helps in decision making through complex comparisons to be a more accurate alternative. This method also allows measurement of ratio scales for alternative criteria and scoring weights. So that a solution is obtained or the results of several alternatives for a decision to be taken. With the existence of a decision support system, the selection of food menus for children is expected to help parents choose food menus quickly and according to the needs of children. Keywords - Food Menu, Decision Support System, AHP

Merek pada dasarnya adalah tanda untuk mengidentifikasi asala barang atau jasa darisuatu perusahaan dengan barang atau jasa perusahaan lain dan salah satu faktor penunjang kesuksesan dalam pemasaran barang.Hak kepemilikan merek berdasarkan peraturan perundang-undangan diperoleh melalui sistem pendaftaran yang bersifat konstitutif dengan prinsip First to File.Sehingga perolehan merek hanya bagi pihak yang pertama kali melakukan pendaftara. Namun pada kenyataanya masih banyak kasus sengketa merek yang dimenangkan oleh pihak yang tidak mendaftarkan mereknya. Pokok permasalahan yang dibahas dalam penulisan ini adalah penerapan dari sistem konstituif dengan prinsip First to File yang seharusnya telah dapat memenuhi perlindungan hukum bagi pihak merek terdaftar. Jenis metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penulisan ini adalah jenis metode penelitian hukum yuridis – normatif yang terdiri dari pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus dan pendekatan konseptual. Hasil penelitian pada putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 512 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2016 sengketa merek Cap Mawar, maka dapat dikatakan bahwa hakim kurang memperhatikan konsep gugatan awal yang didasari itikad tidak baik. Oleh karena dalam hal jangka waktu gugatan yang diajukan telah melampaui batas waktu yang ditentukan dan tidak dapat diajukan kapan saja dengan dasar pertimbangan bahwa merek yang menjadi objek gugatan bukanlah merek terkenal. Oleh sebab itu nilai kepastian akan perlindungan sebuah merek dengan dikeluarkanya sertifikat merek tersebut belum sepenuhnya mendapatkan perlindungan sebagaimana mestinya, meskipun telah melalui proses penyaringan dan waktu yang cukup lama. Hal ini dapat menunjukan bahwa kepastian hukum yang hendak dicapai belum sepenuhnya terpenuhi.Brands are basically a sign to identify goods or services from a company with goods or services of other companies and one of the supporting factors for success in marketing goods. The rights of brand ownership based on laws and regulations are obtained through a constitutive registration system with the First to File principle. So that the acquisition of a brand is only for the party who first registered. But in reality there are still many cases of brand disputes won by those who did not register their brands. The main problem discussed in this paper is the application of a constituent system with the principle of First to File that should have been able to fulfill legal protection for registered brands. The type of research method used in this writing is a type of juridical-normative legal research method which consists of the approach of legislation, case approach and conceptual approach. The results of the research on the Supreme Court Decision Number 512 K / Pdt.Sus-HKI / 2016 in the Cap Mawar brand dispute, it can be said that the judge did not pay attention to the initial lawsuit concept based on bad faith. Because in the event that the time period for the lawsuit filed has exceeded the prescribed time limit and cannot be submitted at any time on the basis of consideration that the trademark that is the object of the lawsuit is not a well-known brand. Therefore the value of the certainty of the protection of a brand with the issuance of the brand certificate has not fully received the proper protection, even though it has gone through a screening process and a long time. This can indicate that the legal certainty to be achieved has not been fully fulfilled.