Groupers and snappers are two demersal fish groups that are currently experiencing heavy fishing pressure both for the live reef fish trade and as fresh or processed fisheries commodities across the Coral Triangle. The purpose of this study was to assess the status of grouper and snapper fisheries in the Bontang region, East Kalimantan, Indonesia using Ecosystems Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) indicators. The assessment followed the Indonesian EAFM Assessment Guidelines methodology, with 6 Domains (Fisheries Resources, Habitat and Ecosystems, Fishing Technology, Social, Economy, and Governance) and 32 indicators. Data were collected through a desk study and site visits including key informant interviews, direct observation and secondary data collection. With the exception of the Social Domain, at least one indicator in each Domain was in the Very Poor category, and three indicators were in the Poor category. Management policies and actions are needed to maintain the overall Good status and address the issues threatening sustainability.

The introduction of many aquatic species into new habitats have been recorded to be invasive and later threatened the native species present in that habitat. The unique biogeography of the Wallace region, particularly Sulawesi Island characterized by having high endemic fauna. Several lakes in Sulawesi have experienced the population reduction of endemic species due to introduced species that become invasive. This paper intended to review the aquatic invasive species and their distribution in the Wallace region. The literature review revealed the number of invasive species introduced in the Wallace region varies from 1 species to 12 species, the highest found in Lake Tondano. This preliminary review record that Malili lakes are most researched, both for endemic species and invasive species, based on the number of publications found through an internet search, with publications on endemic species, are more than invasive species. Among 13 lakes in Sulawesi, 4 lakes, namely Lake Moat, Sidendreng, Wawanloa, and Masapi, have no record on aquatic invasive species. A similar situation also happens in Maluku. The information on the mode and reason for fish introduction into Appo Swamp in West Sulawesi and watershed in Manggarai Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, is still lacking. All in all, the conclusive cause and effect of introduced species that become invasive on the endemic species in the region is need to be prove or unproven based on scientific data. At this time, the literature review has not been able to find documentation on marine invasive species in the Wallace region. As for invasive species management, prevention is better than eradication.

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The process of catching fish using an anesthetic technique is inseparable from the use of synthetic chemicals (cyanide) that negatively impact the target fish, non-target and on coral reefs. One way to reduce the negative impact of cyanide is to Keywords: clove oil, induction time, recovery time, zebra fish blacktail ABSTRAKProses penangkapan ikan dengan menggunakan teknik pembiusan tidak terlepas dari penggunaan bahan kimia sintetik (sianida) yang berdampak negatif terhadap ikan target, nontarget serta pada terumbu karang. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi dampak negatif dari sianida adalah dengan mencari alternatif lain yang ramah lingkungan. Salah satu alternatif yang digunakan adalah minyak cengkeh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui konsentrasi optimal minyak cengkeh terhadap waktu induksi dan waktu pulih ikan zebra blacktail (Dascyllus melanurus). Sampel yang digunakan ditangkap tanpa mengggunakan sianida. Akuarium berukuran 30 x 40 x 50 m diisi dengan air laut. Kemudian dimasukkan beberapa konsentrasi minyak cengkeh yang berbeda (20, 30, 40, 50 dan 60 ppm). Pengamatan terhadap tingkah laku dilakukan untuk menentukan waktu induksi dan waktu pulih. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waktu induksi terlama terdapat pada konsentrasi 20 ppm dengan waktu rata-rata 321,33 detik dan waktu induksi tercepat terdapat pada konsentrasi 60 ppm dengan waktu rata-rata 28,33 detik. Waktu pulih terlama terdapat pada konsentrasi 20 ppm dengan waktu rata-rata 188,33 detik dan waktu pulih tercepat