Introduction: Low back pain is characterized by a range of symptoms which include pain, muscle tension or stiffness, and is localized between the shoulder blades and the folds of the buttocks, with or without spreading to the legs. Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) are the drugs of choice which provide an analgesic effect for acute low back pain.

Introduction:Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that mainly affects the lungs. Tuberculosis is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in most developing countries. The SAARC region accounts more than 32% of global burden with 0.6 million deaths every year and 2.5 million new cases annually. The main aim of our study was to determine the socio-demographic patterns among tuberculosis patients in Pokhara Valley and side effects of anti tubercular drugs.

Soil profile is defined as the vertical section exposing a set of horizons in the wall of the pit dug 1m deep and about a meter wide [1]. Soil profile descriptions are basic data in all soil surveys which provide major part of the information required for correlation and classification of the soils of an area and are essential for interpreting soils and for coordinating interpretations between soil survey areas. They also provides information for the evaluation of environmental and economic effects of proposed land uses through groupings or ratings of soils according to their limitations, suitability, and potentials for specified uses [2]. Very little have been accessed about the quality of soil in Nepal. Somewhere attempts are made but still they are not including all of the soil properties [3]. The specific soil problems and threat to Nepal are decline in soil productivity, Organic matter, nutrient loss, landslide, pollution, flooding and surface sealing. [4]. Soil profile

Background: Electroencephalogram (EEG) remains a veritable tool in the diagnostic workup of seizures and childhood epileptic syndromes. EEG has a significant role in substantiating the clinical suspicion of epilepsy, the classification of seizures, and the management of childhood epilepsy. Methods: This study was retrospective descriptive with convenience sampling where two-years EEG recordings were included and the reporting were reviewed. The desired variables were encrypted and descriptive analysis made via statistical software SPSS version 20. Results: There was 499 EEG done in a two-year time period where the female children were (n=205, 41.1%) and mean age was 66 months. There were (n=317, 63.5%) children from out of Kathmandu valley. The most common indication for EEG recommendation was seizure without impaired consciousness (69.7%) and least common indication was seizure with impaired consciousness (8.4%). The rate of detection of EEG abnormalities in seizure without impaired consciousness was 43.9% while that in seizure with impaired consciousness was 38.1%. Among the most common EEG abnormality, abnormal sleep EEG record suggestive of generalized epilepsy most of the children had a history of seizure without impaired consciousness (71.4%) and least presented with seizure with impaired consciousness. Conclusions: The abnormality detection rate of epilepsy was higher in chance if done in early ages. The possibility of findings in EEG are higher with the history of seizures and the perinatal insult as well as birth asphyxia. EEG should be carried out to support the diagnosis of epilepsy in children, and a normal EEG won't be totally excluding epilepsy.

Introduction: Advancement of different mortality of investigation and super specialization of medical science has been able to develop different diagnosis and treatment possible. Neurology is one of the super specialties. Cases are increasing day by day. We aimed to change the data of paeditric neuro OPD. Methods: Those cases that visited the Neuro department of only one governmental tertiary paediatric care center of Nepal and have been registered in outpatient register were analyzed. Mean, frequency etc. were calculated using Microsoft excel. Results: Out of diagnosed 2517 patients, 64.48% (N = 1623) were males, 35.51% (N = 894) were females. The mean age of the children was 57.64. Global developmental delay comprised 24.19% (N = 609), epilepsy comprised 21.81% (N = 549), motor delay comprised 5.68% (N = 143), intellectual delay comprised 1.98% (N = 50), speech delay comprised 3.33% (N = 84), febrile seizure comprised 3.41% (N = 86, 3.41%), seizure disorder comprised 16.84% (N = 424), headache / migraine comprised 3.33% (N = 84), Duchene muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy comprised 1.5% (N = 38), cerebral palsy comprised 2.41% (N = 61), acute encephalitis syndrome comprised 1.23% (N = 31) and others were 1.03% (N = 26) diagnosis made in the Neuro OPD. Conclusions: Our study showed that there were more male children in Neuro OPD than females and the commonest morbidities included global development delay, hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy, seizure disorder in children visiting the Neuro OPD in tertiary paediatric care center of Nepal.