Wastewater generated from households is categorised in to two types, greywater and black water, greywater constituting the largest flow. Greywater refers to the household wastewater generated from showers, washing machines and bathroom sinks excluding toilet wastes and that it has low pathogenic and organic contaminants. The greywater from residential apartment accounts for 50 -70 per cent. The composition of greywater varies greatly according to its origin (i.e., bathroom, laundry or kitchen greywater) and is influenced by the water quality of the locality. A variety of contaminants including acidic and alkaline substances, suspended and dissolved solids, fats, oil and grease, heavy metals, synthetic chemicals and pathogenic organisms are likely to be present in greywater. The organic fractions in greywater is around 30 per cent, while the nutrient fraction constitute 9 -20 per cent. Heavy metals, xenobiotic compounds, nitrates, phosphates, quaternary ammonium compounds (QUATS) were reported as contaminants in greywater. Most of these originate from body lotions, hair dyes and make-up materials. The presence of these compounds could harm ecosystems if not properly treated and disposed. The greywater needs to be treated and reused for the various household purposes, other than direct consumption.

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The Azhadirachtin in Indian society has been considered higher than kalpavriksha, the mythological and ethanobotanical beneficial properties. The efficacy of neem as a medicine has been documented in several different ancient treatments like the Atharvana Veda, the Ghrhyasutra and Sutragrantha and in puranas. The acidic principles in neem as margosic acid with three acetive constituents, viz., nimbin, nimbidin and nimbinene. Chemically related and biogenetically derivable from a tetracyclicterpene are the key features of them. These chemicals, for example, pesticides, antifeedants and cytotoxic properties, also show a whole range of biological activity.

Tannery industry is one of the major industries in India. Solid waste from these industries contains high amount of calcium (17.2%) alongside considerable amount of essential nutrients and organic matter. The effects of sludge along with organic manures were assessed in comparison with gypsum on biometric observations and physicochemical properties of soil by conducting incubation and pot culture experiments had been assessed. A pot culture experiment was conducted during between 2015 and 2016 at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Trichy in Tamil Nadu with marigold as test crop. our results indicated that the applications of tannery sludge along with organic amendments significantly improved the soil chemical properties by reducing the pH and ESP (Exchangeable Sodium Percentage) of soil and increasing the exchangeable calcium (Ca) content, coupled with decreasing exchangeable sodium (Na) levels. Such reclamation effect was much pronounced when tannery sludge was combined with press mud and vermicompost. Thus the treatment, T6 (TS @ 100% GR+Pressmud @ 10 t ha -1 ) recorded the highest exchangeable Ca and lowest exchangeable Na content of soil with considerable decrease in pH.

Climate change is one of the most serious threats for sustainable agriculture development, with adverse impacts expected on the environment, human health, food security, economic activity, natural resource's management, and physical infrastructure. The aim of the study is to identify the impact of climate change on the farmers and adaptation measures. The study is carried out in the Namakkal district of Tamil Nadu which is a semi-arid region. Data is collected by primary field survey and Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods. The rainfall and temperature data for the past three decades is analysed to assess the seasonal and annual rainfall pattern. The statistical methods such as correlation and regression were used to analyse and assess the impact of climate change on the farming community. A sum of 500 small and marginal farmers were selected randomly from different panchayats in districts to collect the data. According to farmers, this problem is linked with the reduction in the number of rainy days for all seasons. It is identified there is a decreasing trend in the rainfall for the past eight years and temperature is increasing at a faster rate. The climate variability and the trends observed in the study area has direct and indirect impacts on the farming community in the region, effective adaptation measures are suggested to address the impacts of climate change.