Introduction. The rapid development of the World's Olympic Taekwondo began with the introduction of this discipline to the programme of the Olympic Games. In its Olympic form, taekwondo fight is based on the rivalry of two players in a direct challenge, mainly to strike a specific blow at an opponent. All over the world the most popular Taekwondo dyscipline is Kyourugi -sports fight. The main objective of undertaken studies was to determine the effect of changes in sports regulations of taekwondo on the range of technical activities used by female athletes.Material and methods. In the study it was analyzed a total of 48 fights (84 players) in two Olympic taekwondo tournaments: Beijing -2008 and London -2012. There were observed 6 fights in each weight category (-49 kg, -57 kg, -67kg, over 67kg), 24 fights in each tournament. It was used the method of secondary direct analysis.Results. It was observed an increase in number of technical activities taken in upper zone -olgul (attack on an opponent's head) and a decrease in number of technical activities in lower zone -montong (attack on an opponent's trunk).Conclusions. The changes in the sports regulations have changed the range of technical acctivities used by female athletes in attack and counterattack. The players more often realized actions in the counterattack. In both analyzed tournaments it was found that a greater number of technical activities were taken towards a trunk (zone montong) than towards a head (zone olgul). However, it should be noted the significant statistical increase of technical activities towards olgul between the tournament in Beijing and the tournament in London (p <0.05).

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Introduction. An MMA fight gives the participating athletes an opportunity to show a wide range of tactical and technical skills from a variety of martial arts. To be successful in it, one must impose his own fighting style on the opponent and confirm its effectiveness. Materials and methods. The research material consisted of a hundred and eighty-seven technical attacks performed during a 13-minute fight of two MMA fighters (referred to in the paper as Athlete #1 and Athlete #2) belonging to the elite of the Polish KSW organization (Mixed Martial Arts Confrontation). The collected material allowed assessing the time structure of the fight as well as individual characteristics of tactical and technical preparation of the involved athletes. Results. Athlete #1 limited the technical elements in stand-up fighting to striking; Athlete #2 showed a considerably greater versatility of techniques in stand-up fighting. While fighting on the ground Athlete #2 limited his techniques to striking and more often won a dominant position on the ground obtaining a clear advantage in values of all the measured indices of tactical and technical preparation. An increase in the frequency of applied techniques (A) during the analyzed fight was also associated with an increase in the range of their use (W). Conclusions. During the analyzed fight the athletes showed a narrow range of techniques. The collected results allow developing an individual characteristic of athletes' technical and tactical preparation enabling corrections to their training and preparation for the next fight.

Open Access License:This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-commercial 4.0 International (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and is otherwise in compliance with the license. abstract BackgroundThe aim of the study was to investigate the effectiveness of kettlebell exercises in the aspect of shaping the special efficiency characteristics required by American football players. Material/MethodsThekettlebellstraininggroup(n=12)andtheAmericanfootballgroup(n=12),whoused trainingtypicaloftheirdiscipline,weresubjectedtoafitnesstestinUSfootball,consisting ofa40-yardrunspeedtest,anagilitytestintwoshuttleruns,ajumpingtestinCounter MovementJump(CMJ),andapowerandstrengthendurancetests. ResultsIntestsofspeed,agility,jumpingandpower,therewerenosignificantdifferencesbetween footballers and kettlebell exercisers, while strength endurance testing (benchpress with 100kg)andonespecialagilitytest(twoshuttleruns)showedthattrainingwithkettlebells develops these qualities of physical fitness significantly worse than standard football practice(p<0.05). ConclusionsKettlebelltrainingcanbebeneficialforshapingmostcharacteristicsofthespecialefficiency neededinAmericanfootballbutitisnotabletocompletelyreplacethetraditionalfootball strengthtrainingprogram,basedonexerciseswithbarbells.

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