Purpose: Recent in vitro studies suggested that the autocrine leptin loop might contribute to breast cancer development by enhancing cell growth and survival. To evaluate whether the leptin system could become a target in breast cancer therapy, we examined the expression of leptin and its receptor (ObR) in primary and metastatic breast cancer and noncancer mammary epithelium. We also studied whether the expression of leptin/ObR in breast cancer can be induced by obesityrelated stimuli, such as elevated levels of insulin, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), estradiol, or hypoxic conditions. Experimental Design: The expression of leptin and ObR was examined by immunohistochemistry in 148 primary breast cancers and 66 breast cancer metastases as well as in 90 benign mammary lesions. The effects of insulin, IGF-I, estradiol, and hypoxia on leptin and ObR mRNA expression were assessed by reverse transcription-PCR in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines. Results: Leptin and ObR were significantly overexpressed in primary and metastatic breast cancer relative to noncancer tissues. In primary tumors, leptin positively correlated with ObR, and both biomarkers were most abundant in G3 tumors. The expression of leptin mRNA was enhanced by insulin and hypoxia in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231cells, whereas IGF-I and estradiol stimulated leptin mRNA only in MCF-7 cells. ObR mRNA was induced by insulin, IGF-I, and estradiol in MCF-7 cells and by insulin and hypoxia in MDA-MB-231cells. Conclusions: Leptin and ObR are overexpressed in breast cancer, possibly due to hypoxia and/or overexposure of cells to insulin, IGF-I, and/or estradiol.

Background: Gap junctions are intercellular channels composed of connexins, which mediate the direct passage of small molecules between neighbouring cells. They are involved in regulation of cell cycle, cell signalling, and differentiation, and probably invasion and metastasis. The role of connexins in the metastatic process is controversial, because some studies indicate that connexin expression is inversely correlated with metastatic capacity. In contrast, others demonstrate that connexins may be involved in metastasis. In addition, connexin status in breast cancer metastasis has not been widely studied. Methods: We evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 43 (Cx43) in primary breast tumours (PTs) and matched paired metastases to lymph nodes (MLNs). Results: In PTs, we observed predominantly cytoplasmic localisation of evaluated connexins, indicating alterations in connexin expression in breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that expression of Cx26 and Cx43 was increased in MLNs compared with PTs (p,0.00001 and p,0.001, for CX26 and Cx43, respectively). In addition, Cx26 and Cx43 negative PTs developed Cx26 and Cx43 positive MLNs. Furthermore, besides increased cytoplasmic staining, enhanced membranous localisation of Cx43, typical of normal cells, was found in MLNs. Additionally, membranous Cx26 expression appeared only in metastatic breast cancer cells. Conclusions: These findings suggest that connexins may contribute to the efficient metastasising of breast cancer to the lymph nodes.

Cancer cells perform their malicious activities through own cell membranes that screen and transmit inhibitory and stimulatory signals out of the cells and into them. This work is focused on changes of phospholipids content (PI-phosphatidylinositol, PS-phosphatidylserine, PE-phosphatidylethanolamine, PC-phosphatidylcholine) and electric charge that occur in cell membranes of colorectal cancer of pT 3 stage, various grades (G2, G3) and without/with metastasis. Qualitative and quantitative composition of phospholipids in the membrane was determined by HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography). The surface charge density of colorectal cancer cell membranes was measured using electrophoresis. The measurements were carried out at various pH of solution. It was shown that the process of cancer transformation was accompanied by an increase in total amount of phospholipids as well as an increase in total positive charge at low pH and total negative charge at high pH. A malignant neoplasm cells with metastases are characterized by a higher PC/PE ratio than malignant neoplasm cells without metastases.

Colorectal carcinogenesis is associated with serious oxidative stress and confirms that gradual advancement of oxidative-antioxidative disorders is followed by progression of colorectal cancer.

Results indicate that leptin is overexpressed in human colorectal cancer, which suggests that the hormone might contribute to colorectal cancer development and progression.