The number and subset composition of intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) were studied in pigs in different age groups ranging from 1 day to 4.5 years. There were no major differences between the numbers of IEL in the jejunum and ileum. The postnatal increase of IEL largely depended on the breeding conditions: in germ-free animals there was a constant level, while in conventionally bred pigs the numbers increased more obviously than in specified pathogen-free (SPF) pigs. As the numbers of IEL can rise due to increased influx from other organs, decreased emigration, decreased apoptosis or local proliferation, the incorporation of the DNA precursor bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) by IEL was studied after different labelling protocols. There were low but definite numbers of BrdU þ IEL 1 h after BrdU, indicating in-situ proliferation in conventional animals with a tendency to a higher index in the jejunum than the ileum. Repetitive labelling protocols for 14 days resulted in 12-20% BrdU þ IEL, which may be caused by local proliferation and immigration of lymphocytes produced in other lymphoid organs as documented for the pig. Future studies need to focus on the factors regulating local proliferation and the migration of IEL in different species.

Combination therapy showed an objective response rate of 23% (p = 0.01). Although survival was not a primary aim of the study, there was a tendency toward no significant difference in survival when evaluating these relatively small groups (p = 0.49).

Combination therapy showed an objective response rate of 23% (p = 0.01). Although survival was not a primary aim of the study, there was a tendency toward no significant difference in survival when evaluating these relatively small groups (p = 0.49).

A patient with spontaneous perforation of an augmented bladder following exstrophy repair is presented. Apart from the clinical presentation the various causes for augmented bladder perforation are discussed and the literature reviewed.

A patient with extensive retroperitoneal hematoma after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) with a second generation lithotriptor is presented. Apart from bilateral ESWL for renal calculi in 1987 the patient had a negative history of previous renal disease or risk factors associated with hemorrhage following ESWL. Ultimately surgery was required to control bleeding from a capsular artery. The kidney could be salvaged. The shock wave characteristics of the different lithotriptors are discussed and the cases of subcapsular hemorrhage after ESWL reviewed.