Human papillomavirus (HpV) infection contributes to most anal cancers and premalignant intraepithelial lesions. this study investigated anal HpV infections and cytological abnormalities among men who have sex with men (MSM). Sociodemographic characteristics and sexual behaviorswere collected by using a structured questionnaire. Anal cytological results were examined, and HPV genotyping was performed by the Linear Array HPV Genotyping test. Logistic regression was used to estimate risk factors and their associations with high-risk HpV infection and cytological abnormalities. Among 163 MSM, 101 were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 62 were seronegative for HIV. The overall prevalence of HPV was 66.2%. A total of 61.9% and 48.2% of participants had never acquired any of either the quadrivalent or nonavalent vaccine HPV types, respectively. Cytological findings showed 15.3% atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, 16.6% low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 4.9% atypical squamous cells that cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 17% high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. The number of high-risk HPV types was the predominant risk factor for abnormal anal cytology (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.27-3.24). Infection with high-risk HPV was a significant predictor for cytological abnormality. MSM should be encouraged to obtain the HpV vaccine.Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important cause of sexually transmitted diseases worldwide and is associated with malignant transformations in the squamous epithelium of the anus 1 . A rising trend in the incidence of anal cancer has been shown in recent years, increasing from 0.8 per 100,000 person-years in 1975 to 1.8 per 100,000 person-years in 2014 in the United States 2 . The development of anal cancer or pre-cancerous lesions is associated with one's lifetime number of sexual partners, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, receptive anal intercourse and anal HPV infection, particularly infection with HPV16 3-5 . Moreover, among individuals with anal cancer, nearly 90% of cases are attributable to HPV infection 6 . A recent meta-analysis also showed that the increased prevalence of HPV is associated with the severity of abnormal anal cytology 7 .The incidence of anal cancer among patients with HIV infection is much higher than among the general population (51.4 versus 1.2 per 100,000 person-years) 8 . HIV infection may attenuate the host's immune competence, which then worsens the control of anal HPV infections 9-11 . In addition, HIV seropositives have a decreased probability of clearing anal HPV infection and have prolonged anal HPV infections, compared to HIV seronegatives 11 . The persistent anal HPV infections have been particularly found in high-risk HPV types, which are the predominant risk factors for anal cancer 12,13 . Thus, HIV infection is considered one of the most important independent risk factors for high-risk anal HPV infection [14][15][16][17] .first amplified using polymerase chain reaction. Then...

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