Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are frequently encountered at the Emergency Department (ED). Given the anatomical differences between men and women, we aimed to clarify differences in the diagnostic performance of urinary parameters at the ED. Methods: A cohort study of adults presenting at the ED with fever and/or clinical suspected UTI. Performance of urine dipstick (UD) and automated urinalysis (UF-1000i) were analysed for the total study population and men and women separately. We focused on 1) UTI diagnosis and 2) positive urine culture (UC, ≥10 5 CFU/ml) as outcome.Results: In 360 of 917 cases (39.3%) UTI was established (men/women 35.1%/43.6%). Diagnostic accuracy of UD was around 10% lower in women compared to men. Median automated leucocyte and bacterial count were higher in women compared to men. Diagnostic performance by receiver operating analysis was 0.851 for leucocytes (men/women 0.879/0.817) and 0.850 for bacteria (men/women 0.898/0.791). At 90% sensitivity, cutoff values of leucocyte count (men 60/µL, women 43/µL), and bacterial count (men 75/µL, women 139/µL) showed performance differences in favour of men. In both men and women, diagnostic performance using specified cut-off values was not different between normal and non-normal bladder evacuation. UC was positive in 327 cases (men/women 149/178), as with UTI diagnosis, diagnostic values in men outperformed women. Conclusions: Overall diagnostic accuracy of urinary parameters for diagnosing UTI is higher in men. The described differences in cut-off values for leukocyte and bacterial counts for diagnosing UTI necessitates genderspecific cut-off values, probably reflecting the influence of anatomical and urogenital differences.A suspected UTI is a frequently encountered condition at the Emergency Department (ED). Patients presenting at the ED are hardly comparable with primary care patients. In an ED setting, the majority of the patients have a complicated UTI (based on functional or structural abnormalities of the genitourinary tract, instrumentation of the urinary tract or antibiotic use) which will influence the performance of diagnostic tests. The influence of gender on the performance of urinary diagnostics, like urine dipstick (UD) and automated urinalysis, is not

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Background: ANCA-associated small vessel vasculitides (AAV) are prone to cycles of relapse and remission. Renal involvement manifests as glomerulonephritis with microscopic haematuria, red blood cell casts, proteinuria and variable decrease in renal function. Remission of renal vasculitis is defined as stabilization in serum creatinine (Creat) and resolution of haematuria while controversy exists about persistence of haematuria (during apparent disease-remission) since it may indicate smouldering disease-activity or should be considered as renal flare.