No abstract

Dwarf mistletoes (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae) are native, flowering, hemi-parasitic plants that can severely impact host structure and function (Glatzel & Geils, 2009; Hawksworth & Wiens, 1996). Arceuthobium tsugense subsp. tsugense (Rosend.) G.N. Jones infects the crowns of its primary host Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. causing deformation to woody tissues and reductions to growth, total foliage, photosynthetic capacity and water use efficiency (Hawksworth & Wiens, 1996; Marias et al., 2014; Meinzer et al., 2004). The most severely infected trees often exhibit dead tops, an abundance of dead branches, and branches supporting several deformities and

No abstract