Resection of cystic VS is complicated by severe adhesion of the tumor capsule to the facial nerve and the large size of the lesion. The authors believe that MMP-2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of cyst formation or in its enlargement and may aggravate adhesion to the facial nerve, either by promoting the enlargement of the tumor or engendering the degradation of the tumor-nerve barrier proteolytically.

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This experimental invasion system may be of considerable utility in studying the process of brain tumor invasion and in evaluating its invasiveness in individual brain tumor because it not only provides a better representation of extracellular matrix molecules normally encountered by invading glioma cells, but also provides the fluorescent tag applied to the tumor cells.

Graphene produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) has attracted great interest as a transparent conducting material, due to its extraordinary characteristics such as flexibility, optical transparency, and high conductivity, especially in next-generation displays. Graphene-based novel electrodes have the potential to satisfy the important factors for high-performance flexible organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) in terms of sheet resistance, transmittance, work function, and surface roughness. In this study, flexible and transparent graphene electrode architecture is proposed by adopting a selective defect healing technique for CVD-grown graphene, which results in several benefits that produce high-performance devices with excellent stabilities. The proposed architecture, which has a multi-layer graphene structure treated by a layer-by-layer healing process, exhibits significant improvement in sheet resistance with high optical transparency. For improving the charge transport property and mechanical robustness, various defect sites of the CVD-grown graphene are successfully decorated with gold nanoparticles through a simple electroplating (EP) method. Further, a graphene-based OLED device that integrates the proposed electrode architecture on flexible substrates is demonstrated. Therefore, this architecture provides a new strategy to fabricate graphene electrode in OLEDs, extending graphene's immense potential as an advanced conductor toward high-performance, flexible, and transparent displays.

We conclude that overexpression of VEGF and MMP may play a role in metastatic brain tumor-associated hemorrhage. Presumably, the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are through rapid growth and breakdown of vessels around the tumors caused by overexpression of VEGF and MMP of tumor cells.