The extrahepatic biliary system is one of the unusual locations of extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinoma. To our knowledge, there has been no report describing the imaging findings of this rare malignancy of the biliary tree. We report 3 large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas and a small-cell carcinoma arising from the biliary system. Biliary tumors showing on computed tomography an aggressive invasion to the liver or extensive lymph node involvement should raise the suspicion of their being high-grade neuroendocrine tumors.

RF ablation after placement of an antegrade cooling system in pig kidneys was feasible. Antegrade cold dextrose infusion of the urinary tract during RF ablation is effective in protecting the renal collecting system without compromising the RF ablation effect.

Use of an ICDE can create a sufficient ablation in the desired direction and can decrease thermal injury to the adjacent organs.

The epidural injection of a TNF-α inhibitor was more effective than a placebo and comparable to triamcinolone in reducing pathological nerve injury progression.