Most of the anionic pollutants in wastewater are toxic and harmful to the natural environment and human health. Anionic contamination and its treatment have emerged as an escalating challenge globally. It is imperative to develop technology and methods to achieve the effective removal of anionic pollutants. Extraordinary efforts have been made to overcome the challenges of wastewater treatment in recent years. In this paper, the treatment of anionic pollutants in wastewater are reviewed, respectively from the physical treatment, chemical treatment, physical and chemical treatment, and biological treatment. Various techniques such as physical procedures like adsorption and membrane filtration, chemical methods like reduction method and coprecipitation process, and several biological techniques have been recognized for the treatment of wastewater. Meanwhile, the effects of different methods on the treatment of anionic pollutants in wastewater were summarized, and the advantages and disadvantages of each treatment method were compared and analyzed. This review communicates insights into recent research developments in different treatment techniques and their applications to eradicate various water contaminants. Finally, the future research direction of anionic pollutants treatment technology in wastewater is prospected. This will provide methods and data support for the treatment and practical application of anionic pollutants in wastewater.