Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) is a socioeconomically important palm in Indonesia, owned mostly by smallholders. Indonesia has the largest coconut palm-growing areas in the world, followed by the Philippines and India. The average national coconut productivity is still lower than the production potency of superior varieties. Indonesia and the Philippines contributed about 67% of crude coconut oil (CNO) export to global market. At present, the global market demand of coconut oil is fluctuating lead to the low price of CNO, while demand for certain coconut products such as coconut water, milk and flour is growing rapidly. This review provides an overview of the present status of coconut development in Indonesia, the recent advances in technologies for coconut improvement and outlook of coconut development toward 2045. Technological, political and socio economic issues including senility, pests and diseases, inferior varieties, poor agronomic practices, land conversion affected the low coconut production, while unfavorable supply chain, narrow product line, low product quality, monoculture-planting system might be affected the economic welfare of farmers. About 6.6 million farmers rely their main source of income on coconut and coconut based-products, which are mostly copra and CNO. Technological and institutional innovations for smallholder in coconut development become important strategies. Producing high value coconut products, establishment of seed farms, replanting of senile palms, pest and disease management, synergy among industries, farmers, and governments as well as research on finding more innovative technologies and technology transfer to solve existing problems are required to ensure the sustainability of coconut sector.

COVID-19 significantly impacts coffee production, which smallholders dominate. Unaddressed impacts will affect coffee production sustainability. However, smallholders face some constraints. This study aims to determine the impact of COVID-19 from the perspective of Arabica and Robusta farmers in Indonesia, examine technical recommendations as coping strategies, and develop an institutional model to accelerate implementation. We analyzed the divergences in the perceptions of different categories and clusters using farm-level data. Descriptive statistics, Mann–Whitney analysis, cluster analysis, and crosstab analysis were used to explore the facts. Immediate effects of COVID-19 were observed through a decline in household income, impacting the allocation of farming costs, which influences productivity related to the intensity of cultivation, particularly in purchasing and fertilization decisions. It was explored by the study that coffee livestock integration is an important strategy to improve farmers’ livelihood to mitigate the impact. The innovation sharing model complements this technical recommendation as institutional recommendations, including innovation sharing elements and processes. Four farmer clusters have been identified based on the adoption spectrum and farmer conditions. The intervention provides innovation-sharing elements for farmers who have not adopted integration. Where integration was partially completed, reusing waste is recommended by completing innovation elements and improving the sharing process.

Coffee is an important agricultural product traded in global market. Coffee exports have contributed significantly to the economic growth of Indonesia, reducing the trade deficit and partly solved the problem of poverty reduction for people, especially in rural area. The demand of high-quality coffee is growing fast. The demand from consumers for certified coffee is also growing, and the price they are willing to pay has caught the attention of traders and producers. In global scope we have some sustainable coffee certifications including: Organic, Fair Trade Certified, Rainforest Alliance, Smithsonian Bird Friendly, UTZ Certified, and 4C Common Code. The objective of this review are: (1) perspective analysis of sustainable coffee certifications, (2) analysis of Indonesia coffee industry, and (3) strategy formulation in improving practices and accountability of Indonesia coffee development in global supply chains. There is evidence for a range of social, economic, and environmental benefits of certification. These certifications have the potential to create value for smallholders, as certain certified coffee carries a market premium. In order to meet market demand, coffee farmers have had to adapt a good farming practices to qualify for certification.

<p>Biomassa tanaman perkebunan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pangan, pakan, dan bioenergi. Hasil penelitian dan perkembangan teknologi telah mendorong pemanfaatan biomassa bagian-bagian tanaman tersebut. Tanaman perkebunan memiliki potensi besar untuk menghasilkan biomassa yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan. Pemetaan potensi biomassa telah banyak dilakukan pada tanaman perkebunan, seperti pada: tebu, kakao, kelapa sawit, kemiri sunan, jarak pagar, kopi, kelapa dalam, karet dan teh. Pengembangan sistem produksi pangan dan biomassa untuk pembangkit energi melalui sistem multi tanam berbasis komoditas perkebunan telah dikembangkan.  Di Kabupaten Aceh Timur telah dilakukan pengembangan sistem agroindustri juga memanfaatkan semua produk samping, mendorong daur ulang dan pemanfaatan residu. Pemanfaatan potensi bioenergi masih dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala distribusi, kontinuitas pasokan bahan dan aspek ekonomi. Menyikapi hal tersebut langkah strategis dapat dilakukan melalui: analisis neraca karbon, alokasi lahan, pemanfaatan lahan, pemanfaatan sumber daya secara berkelanjutan, dukungan teknologi, fokus pada nilai tambah yang tinggi dan perbaikan tata kelola. Selanjutnya perbaikan pada pengembangan sistem pangan energi terpadu dapat ditempuh melalui: (1) sosialisasi dari inovasi teknologi, (2) membentuk kawasan-kawasan pertanian terpadu di daerah sentra pengembangan dan (3) memperkuat kelembagaan petani untuk mengembangkan agroindustri.</p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong><strong> </strong>ABSTRACT</p><p align="center">Biomass from estate crops can be used for food, feed, and bioenergy. The results of research and technological developments have encouraged the utilization of biomass of these plant parts. Plantation crops have great potential to produce biomass that can be utilized in the development of renewable energy. Mapping of biomass potential has been carried out in plantation crops, such as: sugar cane, cocoa, oil palm, candlenut, jatropha, coffee, deep coconut, rubber, and tea. The development of food and biomass production systems for energy generation through a commodity-based multi-cropping system has been developed. In East Aceh District an agro-industrial system development has also been carried out utilizing all byproducts, encouraging recycling and utilizing residues. The utilization of bioenergy is still faced with various distribution constraints, continuity of material supply and economic aspects. In response to this, strategic steps can be taken through carbon balance analysis, land allocation, land use, sustainable use of resources, technology support, focus on high added value and improved governance. Furthermore, improvements to the development of integrated energy food systems can be pursued through (1) socialization of technological innovations, (2) establishing integrated agricultural areas in plant centers and (3) strengthening farmer institutions to develop agro-industries.</p><p> </p>

<p>Pepper farming in East Kalimantan has faced many obstacles. It is shown by the decline in pepper production in the last five years and the pepper conversion. This condition will affect the sustainability of pepper farming in East Kalimantan, as one of the national white pepper centers. Consequently, it is important to analyze and to establish a technology and institutional innovations. The study aimed to: (1) measure and analyze the sustainability of pepper farming, (2) identify technology innovation, (3) map the opportunities for adoption, and (4) develop institutional innovation and support system. The sustainability analysis of farming was done using weighting and rating methods. Data were collected in Kutai Kertanegara Regency, East Kalimantan in 2016. Results showed that the sustainability level of pepper farming is 3.0062, in the good category, but with a very low value. The environmental aspects provided the greatest value of the contribution to sustainability, followed by economic aspects and social aspects. Technology innovation was needed to overcome the problems. Nevertheless, technology adoption was relatively low. This was influenced by several factors, such as economic factors namely costs and income, social factors namely institutions and facilities support, and technological factors namely suitability and ease of implementation. Therefore, technology innovation needs to be supported by institutional innovation. The types of institutional innovations consist of: (1) establishment of working groups, (2) development of Seed Self-Reliance Region, (3) regulations related to quality standards and monitoring mechanisms, and (4) joint sales, as well as supporting facility to accelerate innovation adoption.</p><p><strong>Keyword:</strong> <span>sustainability index, technology adoption, economic, support facilities</span>.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Usahatani lada di Kalimantan Timur masih dihadapkan pada berbagai permasalahan, yang ditunjukkan oleh penurunan kemampuan produksi setelah lima tahun dan adanya konversi usahatani dari lada menjadi komoditas lain. Hal ini akan mempengaruhi keberlanjutan usahatani lada di Kalimantan Timur sebagai salah satu sentra lada putih nasional. Oleh karena itu penting untuk dianalisis dan disusun inovasi teknologi dan kelembagaan untuk mengatasinya. Kajian bertujuan untuk (1) mengukur dan menganalisis keberlanjutan usahatani lada, (2) identifikasi inovasi teknologi, (3) pemetaan peluang adopsi, serta (4) menyusun inovasi kelembagaan dan dukungan bagi peningkatan adopsi inovasi. Analisis keberlanjutan usahatani dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode <em>weighting</em> dan <em>rating</em>. Pengambilan data dilakukan di Kabupaten Kutai Kertanegara Kalimantan Timur pada tahun 2016. Berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan, diketahui bahwa tingkat keberlanjutan usahatani lada memiliki nilai 3,0062 masuk kategori baik, namun dengan nilai sangat rendah pada kelas tersebut. Aspek lingkungan memberikan nilai kontribusi terbesar terhadap keberlanjutan, diikuti dengan aspek ekonomi dan aspek sosial. Inovasi teknologi diperlukan untuk mengatasi permasalahan sehingga terbangun keberlanjutan usahatani lada. Secara umum, peluang adopsi teknologi masih relatif rendah.  Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor yaitu faktor ekonomi yaitu dari sisi biaya dan pendapatan, faktor sosial yaitu kelembagaan dan dukungan fasilitas, serta faktor teknologi yaitu kesesuaian dan kemudahan dalam menerapkan teknologi. Oleh karena itu inovasi teknologi perlu didukung dengan inovasi kelembagaan. Jenis inovasi kelembagaan bagi peningkatan keberlanjutan usahatani lada yaitu: (1) pembentukan kelompok kerja, (2) pengembangan desa mandiri benih, (3) regulasi terkait standar mutu dan mekanisme pengawasan, serta (4) penjualan bersama, Selain itu juga perlu dukungan fasilitas untuk mempercepat adopsi inovasi.</p><p><strong>Kata kunc</strong>i: <span>indeks keberlanjutan, adopsi teknologi, ekonomi, fasilitas pendukung</span>.</p>