The influence of cold rolling on the microstructural changes of 2205 duplex stainless steel was investigated. The steel samples revealed the presence of almost equal volume fraction of δ‐ferrite and austenite phase after hot rolling. During cold rolling, the above phase constituents became flattened, fragmented as well as transformed into acicular microstructural constituents with increasing amount of cold deformation. The transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of strain‐induced α′ martensite, Moiré fringes, elongated worm‐like closed slip band channels and poorly developed dislocation cell structures. The volume percent of the constituent phases has been quantified by X‐ray diffraction analysis, which has also been substantiated by the image analysis result. The micro‐hardness measurement establishes that the work hardening capacity of austenite is more compared to ferrite.

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Avian influenza and foot-and-mouth disease are two main contagious pathogenic viral disease which are responsible for the massive burials of livestock in Korea since burial is the primary measure to control these outbreaks. Biosecurity is a set of preventive measures designed to prevent the risk of spreading of these infectious diseases. The main objective of this paper is to discuss about the requirements of biosecurity and develop protocol outlines for environmental management of burial sites in Korea. Current practice prescribes to minimize the potential for on-farm pollution and the spread of the infectious diseases. Specific biosecurity procedures such as proper assessment of leachate quality, safe handling and disposal of leachate, adequate leachate pollution monitoring, necessary seasonal management of burial site, and appropriate sterilization process must be carried out to prevent the indirect transmission of pathogens from the burial sites. Policy makers should acquire robust knowledge of biosecurity for establishing more effective future legislation for carcasses disposal in Korea.

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The nucleation, coarsening and deformation accommodation mechanisms of ε-martensite in an Fe-17Mn-3Al-2Si-1Ni-0.06C wt.% high manganese steel subjected to plane strain compression and coldrolling up to 88% thickness reduction was studied using a combination of electron microscopy techniques.