C. gigantea L. and C. cujete L. are plants that contain secondary metabolites that can act as insecticides. This study aimed to evaluate the implications of C. gigantea and C. cujete to reduce the population and intensity of attack by stem borer (S. innotata) and stink bug (L. acuta) which are the main pests of paddy plants. This study consisted of 4 treatments consisting of a mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts, C. gigantea extracts, C. cujete extracts, and control with 5 replications. The extract made by fermentation ant the extract was applied at the age of 1 month after planting with a concentration of 5% for 8 times with a frequency of 1 time a week. Observation parameters were population and attack intensity of S. innotata and L. acuta as well as natural enemy population. The results obtained were that the treatment of all extracts could reduce the population and intensity of attacks compared to the control. Treatment of the mixture of C. gigantea and C. cujete extracts can reduce the population and the intensity of attacks is higher than without the mixture. Predator is not affected by extract applications.

Exallomochlus hispidus (Morrison) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is a polyphagous mealybug with a wide host range. Many of them are fruits that have high economic value and potential export commodities. In addition, E. hispidus is a quarantine pest so that its presence can be an export barrier. The purposive sampling method were used to take plant samples. Host plants were sampled in 4 districts in Bogor, Sukabumi, Purwakarta, and Garut, West Java. Mealybugs and their host plants were put in a paper bag and taken to the laboratory. Adult female mealybugs were prepared microscopically for identification. Results showed that E. hispidus was found on 31 species of 18 families. Most of the hosts were fruit crops 54.84% and at least medicinal plant and weed 3.23%. The major host plants are fruit crops including cocoa, duku, rambutan, sapodilla, soursop, mangosteen and lemon. The part of the plant which is inhabited by E. hispidus mostly is on the fruit and the least on the stem. The results of this study were expected to provide information on the host range of E. hispidus so that it can be prevented from spreading and proper control is taken.

Currently the use of plant extracts to reduce pest attacks is a concern. Mixed formulation of two plant extracts Calatropis gigantea and Crescentia cujete was applied in the filed rice to assess the effectiveness of these formulations in reducing insect pest populations and predatory (natural enemies). The results showed that the combination of C. gigantea and C. cujete in one formulation could reduce the population of the main pests of rice plants and did not affect the presence of natural enemies (predators). The field trials showed that mixing C. gigante and C. cujete in liquid formulation reduced pest population compared the farmer with treatment synthetic pesticide. Population decrease of scipophaga innotata with range 21-77 percent, Cnaphalocrosis medinalis 25-79 percent. The abundance of pests was very low when using the plant extract formulation, whilst the synthetic pesticide generally had a higher number of pests. Predator numbers were higher in plant extract formulation and low with synthetic insecticide by farmer application. Synthetic insecticides have a very large impact on predators while plant extract formulations have no impact because the predator population is still higher than application by synthetic. Plant extract formulation (mixed C. gigantean and C. cujete) is more effective in reducing population pests than synthetic pesticides. The plant growth parameters were better in the treatment of plant extracts formulation than the application by farmer. This research indicated that using plant extracts formulation effective to control pests can be as effective compared as synthetic insecticides by using of farmer.

This study aims to obtain information about the effect of (1) recruitment of positions on the performance of state civil servants in the Regional Secretariat Central Sulawesi Province, (2) position competence on the performance of the state civil apparatus in the Regional Secretariat Central Sulawesi Province, (3) recruitment of positions and job competencies simultaneously or partially on the performance of state civil servants at the Regional Secretariat of Central Sulawesi Province. The method used is the survey method with quantitative descriptive data analysis techniques. The target population is all civil servants of the Regional Secretariat of Central Sulawesi Province, as many as 498 people. The number of research samples was 222 people using the Proportional Random Sampling technique. The study results show that: First, there is a positive and significant influence between the performances of the state civil apparatus in the Secretariat of Central Sulawesi Province with a value of 14.2%. Second, there is a positive and significant influence between the performance of state civil servants in the Regional Secretariat of Central Sulawesi Province with a value of 34%. Third, there is a positive and significant influence jointly between job recruitment and job competence with a positive effect with a value of 48.3%.

This research was conducted by taking the issue of how the implementation of the massolo’' tradition, the public's perception of the implementation of the massolo’' tradition, and how the views of Islamic law regarding to the implementation of the massolo’' tradition in the marriage of the Bugis community in Soreang District, Parepare City. The type of research used in this reserach is qualitative descriptive method, the data in this study were obtained from primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is observation, interview, and documentation, while the technique used in determining the sources is purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique is using the triangulation technique. The results of this study indicate that: 1) The implementation of the massolo’ tradition in Bugis traditional marriages is to provide assistance in the form of money or goods to the invitees. The invitees are family or close relatives, friends or friends, and neighbors. Invitees invite through invitation cards, telephone, and messages either in the form of letters or through social media. The massolo’ activities were held at the house holding the event, the building, and the hotel. 2) Massolo’ is a tradition that occurs in society as a form of providing assistance and as a form of remuneration. The assistance provided can be in the form of goods, money and labor. Gifts from Massolo’ can be categorized as gifts, alms, or debts, but they are not bribes. 3) Massolo’ in the view of Islamic law is a form of mutual assistance. Massolo’ must be attended by everyone who is invited if there are no obstacles because massolo’ activities can strengthen ties of friendship with family, relatives, neighbors and friends.