CuInSe 2 , CuGaSe 2 and CuIn (1Àx) Ga x Se 2 (CIGS) nanoparticles were synthesised from the diisopropyldiselenophosphinatometal complexes M x [ i Pr 2 PSe 2 ] n (M ¼ Cu(I), In(III), Ga(III); n ¼ 1, 3) by thermal decomposition of the precursors in HDA/TOP at 120-210 C or 250 C. The semiconductor nanoparticles obtained were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. The diameters of the nanoparticles for CuInSe 2 , CuGaSe 2 and CuIn 0.7 Ga 0.3 Se 2 were found to be 4.9 AE 0.6 nm (at 180 C), 13.5 AE 2.9 nm (at 250 C) and 14 AE 2.22 nm (at 250 C) respectively. The p-XRD patterns for the nanoparticulate samples were assigned to the corresponding ICDD patterns for tetragonal chalcopyrite phase.

Research in the past has indicated associated long-term and low levels of exposure of bisphenol A (BPA) in early life and neuroendocrine disorders, such as obesity, precocious puberty, diabetes, and hypertension. BPA and its analogs bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol F (BPF), and bisphenol S (BPS) have been reported to have similar or even more toxic effect as compared to BPA. Exposure of rats to BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS resulted in decreased sperm production, testosterone secretion, and histological changes in the reproductive tissues of male rats. In the present study, BPA, BPB, BPF, and BPS were administered in drinking water at concentrations of (5, 25, and 50 μg/L) from pregnancy day (PD) 1 to PD 21. Body weight (BW), hormonal concentrations, antioxidant enzymes, and histological changes were determined in the reproductive tissues. BPA and its analogs prenatal exposure to female rats induced significant statistical difference in the antioxidant enzymes, plasma testosterone, and estrogen concentrations in the male offspring when compared with the control. Histological parameters of both testis and epididymis revealed prominent changes in the reproductive tissues. The present study suggests that BPA and its analogs BPB, BPF, and BPS different concentrations led to marked alterations in the development of the male reproductive system.

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