Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal cancer. Almost two million new cases of CRC are diagnosed every year, making CRC the third most common cancer and the fourth most common cancer-associated cause of mortality in the world. The onset and development of CRC is induced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors including social, cultural and lifestyle factors. Age is considered as main risk factor for the colorectal cancer, there is remarkable increase past the fifth decade of life. Because of its high incidence and mortality rate worldwide, colorectal cancer (CRC) has become a global public health problem. Patients with CRC are typically asymptomatic and therefore it is difficult to diagnose disease until advanced stages, where the disease becomes incurable. Early diagnosis and therapy is able to decrease the risk of CRC in this asymptomatic population; however, early diagnosis of CRC remains a challenge in clinical practice. This review article was a comparative study and aims to explore the ability of the selected markers for early diagnosis of colorectal cancers for long term survival. Hence, identification of novel non-invasive diagnostic methods for early tumor detection in CRC is required. Screening of average-risk individuals can reduce CRC mortality by detecting cancer at an early curable stage. There is need for the implementation of new speci?c and more sensitive biomarkers in upcoming future which will improve diagnostic strategies and allowing clinicians to detect CRC cases in the earliest stages of the disease, to improve the prognosis of thousands of patients.

Objective: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression and scoring of HER2/neu in different variants of adenocarcinoma of prostate and to compared the association of HER2/neu expression with biological behavior and risk factors of prostate adenocarcinoma. Study Design and Setting: Cross sectional study in which all clinically suspected prostate adenocarcinoma cases received at the laboratory Saddar Karachi during the years 2015 and 2016 were evaluated for morphological features of adenocarcinoma. Methodology: This cross sectional study was carried out using prostate biopsies of clinically suspected prostate adenocarcinoma. The diagnosis of adenocarcinoma was confirmed and histological characterization was done by evaluating the morphological features. The tumors were graded according to the revised 2015 Gleason’s grouping. Immunohistochemical analysis for HER2/neu expression was performed in the most representative tumor block. SPSS version 22 was used for data analysis. Mean frequency and percentages were calculated for quantitative variables, whereas chi-square test and Fisher’s Exact Test were applied for qualitative variables. P-value of < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results: Out of 77 biopsies only one showed moderate HER2/neu expression. Positive HER2/neu was acinar variant. No significant statistical association was observed between expression of HER2/neu and prostate cancer variants. The positive case had age more than 60 years with moderately increased serum PSA levels and was aggressive in nature at the time of diagnosis. Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that HER2/neu was rarely expressed in prostate adenocarcinoma