Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder with onset in early childhood. It is a clinically heterogenous condition with comorbidity posing a distinct challenge to diagnosing and managing these children and adolescents. This review aims to provide an overview of comorbidity with ADHD including other neurodevelopmental disorders, learning disorders, externalising and internalising disorders. Challenges in screening for, diagnosing and managing comorbidity with ADHD are summarised. Also, methodological challenges and future directions in research in this interesting field are highlighted.

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Our results lend support to the neurodegenerative hypothesis of OCD, and also raise the possibility of exploring these neurochemical measures (as measured by MRS) as putative vulnerability biomarkers in OCD that may aid in early identification and devising early prevention or management strategies for the population vulnerable to OCD.

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