Greedy pursuit algorithms (GPAs) are widely used to reconstruct sparse signals. Even though many electromagnetic (EM) inverse scattering problems are solved on sparse investigation domains, GPAs have rarely been used for this purpose. This is because (i) they require a priori knowledge of the sparsity level in the investigation domain, which is often not available in EM imaging applications, and (ii) the EM scattering matrix does not satisfy the restricted isometric property. In this work, these challenges are respectively addressed by (i) using an artificial neural network (ANN) to estimate the sparsity level, and (ii) adding a Tikhonov regularization term to the diagonal elements of the scattering matrix. These enhancements permit the compressive sampling matching pursuit (CoSaMP) algorithm to be efficiently used to solve the two-dimensional EM inverse scattering problem, which is linearized using the Born approximation, on spatially sparse investigation domains. Numerical results, which demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed ANN-enhanced CoSaMP algorithm, are provided.

Software quality is specific property which tells what kind of standard software should have. In a software project, quality is the key factor of success and decline of software related organization. Many researches have been done regarding software quality. Software related organization follows standards introduced by Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI) to achieve good quality software. Quality is divided into three main layers which are Software Quality Assurance (SQA), Software Quality Plan (SQP) and Software Quality Control (SQC). So In this study, we are discussing the quality standards and principles of software projects in Pakistan software Industry and how these implemented quality standards are measured and managed. In this study, we will see how many software firms are following the rules of CMMI to create software. How many are reaching international standards and how many firms are measuring the quality of their projects. The results show some of the companies are using software quality assurance techniques in Pakstan.

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Problem arising in CFG (Context Free Grammar) due to ambiguity can be trace to 1962. Even now there is no general method or procedure introduced to detect ambiguity in CFG. In parser generation and in language design, ambiguity in context free grammar, is a frequent problem as well as in application where it is used for the representation of physical structure. For creating a language it should be necessary that it is unambiguous. Ambiguity has some advantages as well as disadvantages. The aim of this study is to analyze different methods dealing with the ambiguity detection in Context Free Grammars. In this study, we will observe usefulness of Ambiguity Detection Method (ADM) in CFG with respect to ambiguity detection, assurance of termination of the process and accuracy.