ABSTRACT:As the internet is exploding with huge volume of text documents, the need of grouping similar documents together for versatile applications have hold the attention of researchers in this area. Document clustering can facilitate the tasks of document organization and web browsing, search engine results, corpus summarization, documents classification, information retrieval and filtering. However several attempts have been made to develop efficient document clustering algorithms but most of the clustering methods suffer from challenges in dealing with problems of high dimensionality, scalability, accuracy and meaningful cluster labels. This paper intends to provide a brief summary over methods studied and current state of documents clustering research, including basic traditional methods as well as advanced fuzzy based, GA, PSO, HS oriented techniques etc. Also document representation model and its challenges, dimensionality reduction mechanisms, issues in document clustering, and cluster quality evaluation criteria are discussed.

The typification and taxonomy of Cephalotaxus mannii and C. griffithii are discussed. Based on the study of their morphological characters, taxonomic literature and specimens in different herbaria, we consider both the taxa as separate species not as synonyms of each other or of C. harringtonii. A key to all the species of Cephalotaxus is also provided for easy identification. During the study, it is found that, the name C. mannii was erroneous lectotypified. The errors are rectified by selecting proper lectotype.

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A prospective observational study was conducted in a zonal care hospital probing the role of FNAC in palpable head and neck lesions & its diagnostic utility which can differentiate the various neoplastic and non neoplastic lesions of head and neck very cost effectively. To study diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) in head and neck lesions. A one year prospective observational study carried out at a zonal care hospital, which included a total of 120 patients reported with head and neck masses in the Otorinolaryngology OPD. Out of 120 FNACs, 38 (31.66%) cases were of thyroid origin, 35 (29.16%) cases included cervical lymph nodes, 34 cases (28.33%) arised from soft tissue and 04 (3.33%) from salivary glands. Thyroid lesion involvement (31.66%) was more common than any other lesion, out of which 84.21% were colloid goitre, 7.89% were Hashimoto’s thyroditis, 5.26% follicular neoplasm and 2.56% papillary carcinoma of thyroid. Amongst the lymph node swellings, 13 cases (36.11%) were reactive/ nonspecific lesion, 12 cases (33.33%) were tuberculous granulomatous lymphadenitis, 16.66% were cases of suppurative lymphadenitis. In malignant lesions of lymph nodes, metastatic deposit of carcinoma and poorly differentiated carcinoma were the predominant pathology and lymphoma case was nil. FNAC of head and neck swelling is a worldwide accepted diagnostic modality. It is simple, inexpensive and rapid method for the diagnosis of head and neck lesion and avoids unnecessary surgery in the form of excision biopsy for diagnosis.

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