Introduction: The occipital condyles are undersurface protruberances of the occipital bone in vertebrates, which articulate with the superior facets of the atlas vertebra. The condyles are oval or reniform in shape, and their anterior extremities directed forward and medially and are closer together than the posterior end. Aim: The aim of the study is to provide important anatomical parameters for lateral transcondylar approach. Materials and Methods: 200 occipital condyles in 100 dry human skulls ( 73 males and 27 females) were studied. The measured parameters included length, width, height, shape, anterior and posterior intercondylar distance, distance between basion and opesthion, distance from anterior tip of the condyle to the basion and opestion and distance from posterior tip to the basion and opesthion. Measurements were made using Vernier Callipers. Results: The mean length, width and height of the occipital condyles in males is greater than females. The anterior intercondylar distance is more in females whereas posterior intercondylar distance is more in males. The mean distance from basion to opesthion / anteroposteriordiamerer of foramen magnum is more in males than in females. The mean distance between the anterior tip of occipital condyles to basion is more in females than in males on both the sides. Conclusion: The knowledge of condylar anatomy helps the surgeon in making important decisions regarding extent and direction of condylar drilling and minimizing injury and retraction of neural structures. KEY WORDS: Occipital Condyles, Foramen Magnum, Intercondylar distance, Basion, Opesthion.

The cranio-orbital foramen is an osseous anatomical landmark located on the postero superior aspect of the lateral wall of the orbit. This foramen is also called as meningo orbital foramen. This bony canal not always present in human skull, when it is present it contains a branch from the middle meningeal artery, providing accessory blood supply to the orbit. It is a potential source of hemorrhage during surgical procedures of the lateral wall of the orbit because it is the location of an anastomosis between the lacrimal artery and the middle meningeal artery.The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence, and number of cranio-orbital foramina in telangana population of india. Material & Methods: In the present study, 100 adult human skulls were studied at Department of Anatomy of various medical colleges present in Telangana state of south India. Results: Among 100 skulls, we found cranio orbital foramen in 57 orbits (40skulls) in which 17 skulls have bilateral foramina and 23 were unilateral. Conclusion: With the knowledge of incidence of this foramen, surgeons and ophthomologists can avoid accidental hemorrhage during surgical procedures done on the lateral wall of the orbit.

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The knowledge of the morphometric study of the infra orbital foramen is very much essential to prevent clinical complications during maxillofacial surgeries and regional block anaesthesia. The aim of the study is to locate the position, size and shape of the infra orbital foramen in adult human skulls of Telangana region of south India. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 dry adult human skulls of unknown age and sex were studied. The distance between infra orbital foramen and inferior orbital margin and from the foramen to the piriform aperture of the nose were measured. The vertical and horizontal diameters were also studied. Variation in shapes of the foramen and the presence of any accessory foramnina were observed. All measurements were taken with a compass transferred to callipers and analysed statistically. Results: The mean distances between the infra orbital foramen and the infra orbital margin on the right and left side were 7.9mm and 8.1mm respectively. The mean distances between the infra orbital foramen and the piriform aperture were 18.3mm and, 17.8mm on right and left sides respectively. The mean vertical dimensions on the right and left side were 3.2mm, and 3.1mm respectively. The mean horizontal dimensions on the two sides were 2.2mm and 2.3mm. Maximum number of foramina was oval in shape. Conclusion: The present study provide detailed knowledge of anatomical characteristics and clinical importance of the infra orbital foramen, which are of paramount importance for surgeons when performing maxillofacial surgery and regional block anaesthesia

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