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Hibiscus sabdariffa and Phyllanthus amarus decreased calcium crystal deposition in the kidneys. The antilithic effect of Hibiscus sabdariffa may be related to decreased oxalate retention in the kidney and more excretion into urine while that of Phyllanthus amarus may depend on increased urinary citrate. In contrast, administering Orthosiphon grandiflorus had no antilithic effect.

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli are spreading worldwide and pose a public health issue. An assessment of their presence in the environment and in food chain products would clarify the pathway of this foodborne transmission. Here, we investigated the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in fresh vegetables purchased from fresh markets in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Overall, 8.8% of the samples collected contained ESBL-producing E. coli, of which 81.3% were multidrug-resistant. All isolates carried the blaCTX-M-55 gene, and 10 isolates contained the ISEcp1 gene. One E. coli strain carried blaCTX-M-55 coexisting with blaTEM-1. Thirteen different sequence types (ST48,