Volumes obtained from reconstructions in either plane were essentially identical. There was a linear increase in log-transformed pituitary volume with age, but relatively weak correlations with height or body mass index. There was no gender difference and only weak correlations between pituitary height and pituitary volume and between estimated pituitary volume calculation and measured pituitary volume. We provide age-related reference ranges for pituitary volumes in graphical and tabular forms.

Flow in a pediatric liver on the first day after transplantation is normally hyperdynamic, especially in the youngest transplant recipients, and, as a result, low velocities or resistive indexes are particularly concerning for complications. The pediatric-specific ranges of expected posttransplantation Doppler ultrasound findings presented in this article should assist in identifying normal variation and potentially life-threatening complications.

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Sonography is a commonly used modality for the investigation of abdominal symptoms in the pediatric population. It is a highly sensitive, readily available imaging modality that does not require ionizing radiation, iodinated contrast material, or anesthesia and can be performed at the bedside if necessary. Abdominal ultrasound is therefore often the first examination performed. This article presents an overview of the ultrasound characteristics of some of the most frequently encountered pathologies as well as some more rarely encountered entities. Our aim was to present a series of characteristic images of a wide gamut of pediatric abdominal conditions. The goal was to familiarize the reader with key sonographic features of both congenital and acquired gastrointestinal pathologies in children, making them more easily recognizable.

Treated culture-positive aspirate episodes were accompanied by higher ventilatory requirements, increased symptoms and elevated septic markers. Need for treatment was associated with greater likelihood of developing chronic lung disease.