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Anticipation and early identification of conditions that alter the body's ability to compensate for acid-base disorders are vital in managing surgical patients. This review describes the general principles and classification of acid-base disorders. Metabolic acid-base disorders are presented, including metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Respiratory acid-base disorders are also presented, including respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. Tables show the differentiation of acid-base disorders, causes of positive–anion gap acidosis, the differential diagnosis for normal–anion gap metabolic acidosis, the mechanisms associated with increased serum lactate concentration, and the differential diagnosis for metabolic alkalosis. This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 135 references.

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