Flow field-flow fractionation (flow FFF) was employed to determine the mean diameter and the size distribution of acrylate latex materials having diameters ranging from 0.05 to 1 μm. Mean diameters of the samples determined by flow FFF are in good agreement with those obtained from photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) yielded a mean diameter that is about 20% lower than those obtained from flow FFF or PCS, probably due to the shrinkage of particles during sample drying and high-vacuum measurements. It was found that flow FFF is particularly useful for the determination of particle size distributions of latex materials having broad size distributions. Flow FFF separates particles according to their sizes and yields an elution curve that directly represents the particle size distribution of the sample. In PCS, measurements had to be repeated at more than one scattering angle to obtain an accurate mean diameter for the latex having a broad size distribution. Flow FFF was fast (less than 12 min of run time) and showed an excellent repeatability in measuring the mean diameter with ±5% relative error.

Objectives: The world is grappling with an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has shaken the mankind to the core and disrupted the lives of everyone. The aim of the study was to assess the presence of psychological distress, depression, anxiety, stress, and insomnia experienced by the Indian healthcare workers. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in India among 777 doctors to evaluate the mental health of doctors working in Corona wards from April 2020 to May 2020 using a pre-designed, pre-tested validated, semi-structured DASS-21 questionnaire, and the Insomnia Severity Index. Continuous variables between the groups were measured using the Mann–Whitney U-test and the Kruskal–Wallis H test. Results: Among the doctors working for the pandemic, around 55% of medical officers in the study reported having moderate levels of depression. With respect to anxiety, it was found that among men as many as 52% reported experiencing severe anxiety and 24% had moderate levels of anxiety whereas females reported as high as 68% and 48% of moderate and severe anxiety, respectively. In our study, around 30% and 44% of male doctors reported mild and moderate levels of stress, respectively, whereas 70% and 56% of female doctors reported mild and moderate levels of stress, respectively. It was also observed that among female doctors the rates of moderate insomnia were especially high (65%), whereas a high level of male participants reported sub-threshold insomnia (52%). Conclusion: Early screening targeting the medical workforce and the implementation of psychological interventions is essential for protecting and maintaining the functionality of the health-care system.

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Amenorrhea refers to the absence of menarche at the age of 14. To rule out the chromosomal abnormality (CA), clinical history was obtained from patients with the primary amenorrhea (PA) and secondary amenorrhea (SA) patients who may have also short stature, poorly developed secondary sexual characteristics, Blind vagina, Small ovaries, and Absence/Hypoplastic/Normal uterus in USG. Blood samples were collected, cultured, harvested, and banded with the GTG stain technique and analyzed in well-spread chromosomes. Amenorrhea accounts for 20% of female infertility. Among all proposed etiologies 40% of amenorrhea, patients are found to have a genetic cause. The present study included a total of 292 patients, 83.2% presented with PA, while 16.7% presented with SA. CAs were detected in 27% of PA and 18% of SA. The major findings involved numerical sex chromosome abnormalities including Turner Syndrome which is high in our study as observed in the literature. Other structural X chromosome has been identified in our study such as deletion: 46,X,del(X)(q22), Deletion/Duplication: 46,del(X)(q27),dup(X) (q21.3q27.1) and Inversion: 46,XX,inv(9)(p11q13) which were reported in the present study.